Developments In Cold Environments Sustainable Essay Example for Free

Developments In Cold Environments Sustainable Essay To what extent are more recent developments in cold environments sustainable ? Fishing can disrupt food chains. For example krill fishing in the southern ocean is depleting food supplies for whales and penguins. Overfishing of a species can severely deplete its population, sometimes beyond recovery. Overfishing of the patagonian toothfish in the Antarctic is currently a concern. Bottom trawling catches fish by dragging nets along the sea-bed. This disrupts the eco system by reducing light levels thought increasing turbidity and catches other species as well as the target one. Its carried out in the gull of Alaska, the greenland sea and the barents sea. Fishing quotes have been introduced to limit the number of fish caught and prevent overexploitation of the resource. Large cruise ships increase pollution in the areas from the ships and from the tourist. Tourists and tourism developments disrupt wildlife and damage habitats leading to reduced biodiversity. National parks have been set up to allow tourism whilst protecting the environment e.g. denali national park in Alaska was set up in 1917 and then expanded in 1980 to induce a greater area of land. Cars and private vehicles are banned from the park so visitor’s have to travel in park buses on approved routes. The most vulnerable parts of the park don’t have any roads at all. So the ground is protected from the damaging effects of vehicles. Oil spills can occur during transport of oil from the area. For example in 1989 there was a huge oil spill off the coast of Alaska when the exxon valdez oil tanker crashed. Over 40 million litres of oil spilled into the ocean and over 250 000 birds and fish were killed. Oil spills can occur if the pipelines leak between 1977 and 1994 there were on average 30 to 40 spills a year from the trans-alaska pipeline. Some of these were caused by intentional attacks and forest fires. Oil pipes have automatic shut off valves in order to minimis e oil spills if the pipelines are damaged.

Social Psychology Essay Example for Free

Social Psychology Essay I think that Social Psychology can only explain some of why football hooliganism happens; I don’t think it is the only reason. I think another main cause of football hooliganism is â€Å"over-excitedness†, and the fans just become immersed in the moment. This, when mixed with passion for the game, I think, is another vital cause for football hooliganism. To summarise I thinkâ€Å"concoction† of passion and â€Å"over-excitedness†, and Social Identity Theory are the reasons football hooliganism occurs. Social Identity Theory has a real world validity which is shown at football games as football hooliganism is common in some countries, such as Poland, and can be applicable to a lot of cases of football hooliganism. Social Identity Theory can be used to find out why there is violence at football games. Furthermore, A range of studies have shown support of the idea that people are willing to see their group as better in some way than other groups. Tajfel, for example, replicated his experiment with a variation to prove that his findings were reliable. There is also a practical application, in that the theory helps to explain a wide range of social phenomena, such as football hooliganism. Social identity theory doesn’t take into account other factors which might be influencing behaviour, for example Dobbs and Crano in 2011 showed that under some circumstances there is much less in-group favouritism than suggested by Tajfel. The theory also doesn’t explain why there are individual differences in the level of prejudices shown. There are also other possible explanations of prejudice which might offer a fuller account of prejudice, for example the Realistic Conflict Theory which sees Social Identity Theory as only part of the explanation. It suggests that it is not just the creation of two groups that leads to prejudice, but that they need to have a goal in sight for conflict/prejudice to develop. Secondly, there is a theory that when humans have their sense of humanity taken away from them, and they are in turn treated as if they are animalistic. This can be used to prove football hooliganism because they are in conflicting goals and therefore they are fighting like animals in order to receive the prize of a football victory. In conclusion, I think that the use of Social Psychology can be used to understand and, more importantly, prevent football hooliganism. This is because the Police could use Social Identity Theory to understand what they needed to do in terms of policing the stadium, keeping peace and where to â€Å"shepard† the fans. This could possibly reduce the amount of prejudice and discrimination at a football match, and therefore, using Social Identity Theory, reduce the amount of football hooliganism. However, I believe that football hooliganism isn’t a result of just Social Identity Theory; I think passion for the game, as well as â€Å"over-excitedness† has a part to play too.

Being Judged On The Company You Keep Philosophy Essay

Being Judged On The Company You Keep Philosophy Essay A farmer was sick and tired of cranes, which were repeatedly destroying his corn fields. When he could take the loss no further he decided to place a net over the fields so that the birds could be taken care of. Therefore as decided, he spread the net over the fields during the evening. Next morning when he went to the fields, he found that along with the cranes a stork was also caught in the net. As he approached the net to deal with the birds, the stork made a humble appeal. The bird cried for mercy and said that it was not one of those cranes responsible for destroying the crop. It was a mistake altogether and only accidentally was stork present on the field, with the cranes. It pleaded and prayed for mercy. Upon listening to the storks plea, farmer responded by saying that maybe you are right. Maybe its not your mistake. But youve been caught in the net along with those evil birds who have been repeatedly harming my crops. So while you are not proven guilty, but youll be judged by the company you keep. And your company is certainly not safe for you. This is an old fable taught to young kids, aimed at teaching them an important lesson. Company plays a fundamentally important role in determining your success. As children even our teachers would have recited this story for us. For maybe as holidays homework we were asked to learn this fable and recite in class or some of us were perhaps asked to prepare charts for this narration; but irrespective, we tend to forget the important message encapsulated in this simple narration. We are judged by the kind of company we keep. For example if you are friends with the top ranking students of your class, you are naturally considered intelligent and mannered. While if you are close to the infamous ones, the results are negative. So even if you are not involved in placing crackers in school during Diwali, you are still suspended, along with your group. The idea is to simply emphasize upon the impression company bestows. Monica Bedis life is a perfect example to illustrate the hardships one could face, just for selecting the wrong company. Monica Bedi had started her career in Bollywood in the year 1995. As a Bollywood actress theres nothing much to her credit, but her alliance with Abu Salem certainly demands attention. In the year 2002, she was arrested along with Abu Salem for travelling with forged documents. But this was not the key reason for her demotion. She was arrested because she was a friend of Abu Salem, who was involved with 1993 Mumbai blasts and many other serious crimes. Because she was this mans girlfriend or rather because she kept his company, she was charged of criminal offence, cheating and more. Despite being innocent, as later proved, she had to suffer the most terrible times of her life. Not only was she under police custody for five long years, but the incident ruined her career and reputation, both personally and professionally. Why? Because others judged her with the same yardstick as Abu Salem. Because she was involved with the don, she was given the same treatment. Such high are the costs of keeping wrong company. Something similar is reflected in this Buddhism teaching: If you never meet your equal, travel Alone There is no fellowship with fools. You might argue that this is not fair, so did Monica Bedi. However irrespective of whether you approve of it or not, this is how it works. You are being judged by others around you and that includes the group which can make a difference to your future. And this group, amongst other things, is also looking at the company you keep. But why is it done like this? Why arent the decisions based upon you as an individual and why the company? Two logical answers to this: Because it is not possible for everybody to know everybody as an individual. However it is much easier to categorize into groups and thus form beliefs about the members. For example, quite difficult it is for a teacher to know each and every student of a class. But it is much easier to demarcate few as intelligent, few as problem creators, few as average performing silent types and so on so forth and thus judge them. So when a new student takes admission to this class he, depending upon the co classmates he befriends, is allotted a group and thus judged accordingly. The second reason is much more important. Here it is not about the comfort of the person trying to judge, but about the logical explanation to it. Company leaves its affect on each and every member of the group. So even if you are a fresh apple, kept in a bucket of rotten fruits, youll end up being rotten. Likewise if an alcoholic is made to stay with a group of serious non alcoholics, sooner or later he will develop the resistance towards alcohol. The influence of people around While judgements by others are dependent upon the company we have, there are other strong influences as well, extended by the people around us. While the reference here is not towards those people who take decisions for us, like family, but it is about those who act as influencers. Knowingly or unknowingly we are influenced by our friends, co-workers and others in the various social circles and this is where company matters most. When we talk about the people around there is another fact to be borne in mind. We do not have the liberty to select all around us. While we opt for those whom we would like to be friends with, there are those as well who exist owing to social standings. Your teachers for instance; you can select tuition teachers, but you have limited or no control over teachers who teach you in school. But again irrespective of the control you can exercise, there will be influence. For example consider cricket. Any reasonable Indian is crazy about this sport. Now lets assume that you are learning the game or rather trying to get at it. For this while you are practicing, you also need an opponent to challenge and thus find out your weaknesses. Two options here, an excellent player or an average one. If you decide to live in a myth and tell your own self that you are a great player, youll pick the weaker opponent. On the other hand, if you decide to sharpen your skills at the game and thus bring yourself to face the serious competition and thus eventually improve. So the company you selected proved strategically important for your cricketing skills. In the stated cricket example, the decision criterion is the playing skill of the people we prefer to keep company with i.e. if they play good, we be a part of their group and vice versa. However it is not always this simple to make the decision. We are most of the times ignorant or if not that then confused about whom we would want to be with and who is not the right one. So while we are now aware of the relevance of good company lets emphasize upon clarifying the puzzle. Lets divide all in two categories, the right kind i.e. those whom we would want to keep around us and the wrong kinds i.e. those we should be wary of. But again what is right kind and what is wrong kind. Basically nobody is perfect, neither are you and nor is anybody else and so right kind does means the perfect ones. This also emphasizes to the fact that you are not perfect either and thus while you judge others on various parameters, judge your own self as well, on the same yardsticks, and thus make a continuous effort to improve. This will ensure that others think that you are the right kind and therefore approve of you as their accepted company. Also while somebody could be right for few, the same set of people could be wrong for another few. So there is no universal applicability. The idea is to say that I cannot judge people and make a list of right and wrong which you can use for your reference. You will have to prepare the classification for your own personal use. I can guide though and so can many others, but beyond that your discretion has to solve the purpose. Another facet that you need to keep in mind is that the same rules dont apply for all. So applicability varies with relationships and circumstances. Your boss will not get intimate with you, but will obviously maintain a healthy distance. While on the other hand, your best friend will be intimate enough for you to share whatever. So while in one case it is justified to keep distance, in another the same is there indicates something wrong. So read through the below mentioned selection details carefully and make the important decision wisely, because this will picture your future. Unsafe people maintain walls around. These people will act intimate but they will never really be as close. They will have this strong tendency to shy behind a veil, perhaps because they are hiding their true selves from you. They will not let the connection happen because they feel that the same will reveal something about them they are hiding. And if that is the case, how can they be the right kind for you. Safe people dont construct walls, but maintain reasonable boundaries. This is to suggest that the right kind of people understand the importance of getting enough acquainted and still maintaining comfortable distance. Like your mentor, the right person would listen to your problems and delve into linked factors, but will not barge into private territory. The whole point is that with the right kind of people around you dont feel isolated. There is a hand for support when needed. With wrong kind of people it is more about them. So when you get to hear expressions beginning with me and not us, you should know that youve opted for the wrong company. These people will be very self centred. Most of the times theyll be thinking of individual gains. Their priority will never be to make it work for all, but focused at self gain. In fact they will not be very delighted if it works well with all. Jealousy comes naturally with unsafe kinds. Safe people or the right kinds are busy dealing with your qualms while the wrong ones are occupied with the task of highlighting your mistakes in the whole process. So if youve scored badly in any subject, the right people will talk about what you can do to improve in times to come. Theyll be looking at your weaknesses, not to make fun of you or criticize you, but to help you put in the requisite effort and thus turn weaknesses into strengths. The other group however will be busy figuring out your mistakes only. Theyll talk about the days you didnt studied or will tell you that you are a loser or will be ignorant, but nothing close suggestive. What you dont need is judgement, what you need is support. Right people know the different between two, while wrong dont. Right people make adjustments, while wrong impose. Say it is friendship day tomorrow, but at the same time you have an important exam in the coming week. Your group plans an outing to celebrate the day. They tell you the plan and instruct you to be there. You are excited about the whole idea but convey your difficulty in making it for the outing, because of the approaching exams. The right kind of people understand, while the wrong kinds nudge you and tell you that you are not worthy of their friendship, etc. They basically dont understand and are not really bothered about the priorities of your life. They impose them on you. The right kinds lend you an ear and a shoulder, when you need the most. These people try to genuinely understand and if nothing else give you a vent for your problems. Under the same circumstances, the wrong people label you as cry baby or cribby and thus leave you with your struggles. Right people abide by the commitments they make or they have a reputation for dependability. As discussed in the earlier chapter, this attribute is highly important. Remember Ruchit, he was intelligent, but unreliable and thus all preferred to maintain a distance, when it came to important project execution. Why, because he was considered unsafe and nobody wanted to take the risk. So right kinds are those who know value of their commitments and abide by their words. And this is not an exclusive list, there is more that can be added, but this should give you a starting point. As stated earlier, all this is important all through the life, but the relevance is highest, when you are a student. This is because you make yourself or ruin yourself during the teen years of your life and thus are spent either in a school or college. So as a student you have the liberty to shape your future or ruin it and company plays an important role in this. Those around you influence your personality and thus the way you would be as an adult. So besides our normal tendencies, where we simply opt for friends who share similar interests or are more outgoing, etc. we need to focus upon identifying the right kinds. So keep the following few vital things in mind and make your decisions in this direction wisely: You are under observation and your choice of friends will deicide the attitude of your teachers and family towards you. If they dont support you they do not deserve enough to be friends. The focus of group has to be towards shaping each others skills and thus working towards a stable future and not just making plans for another day out. So think and think hard, while you decide. Reading all would have given you the impression that it is indeed difficult to identify the right kind of people. Well maybe it is difficult, but the effort is worth it. So put in the extra energy and try your best, to be around the best!

The Use of Variola major in Bioterrorism Essay -- Biological Terrorism

Variola major: its symptoms and the possibilities of its use in bioterrorism Smallpox is a virus that was pronounced eradicated in 1990 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Prior to its elimination through the coordinated efforts of several international agencies, it was considered one of the most dangerous threats to the prolonged existence of the human race. Its effects, especially those of the hemorrhagic strain, are comparable to those of such agents as the Zaire Ebola virus, Lassa hemorrhagic fever, and Marburg virus. EPIDEMIOLOGY Smallpox (Variola major) spreads through either direct physical contact or prolonged proximity to an infected individual. The disease begins in the lungs, spreading from there to the rest of the body. Men and women are equally susceptible to the disease, as are all ethnicities. Of those who came in contact with the disease, few survived. The mortality rates are these: Discrete ordinary smallpox: 34% Confluent ordinary smallpox: 59% Hemorrhagic smallpox: 94% Smallpox was known to nearly wipe out entire populations, and often decimated communities, cities, and countries. POSSIBLE BIOWARFARE USES FIRST USE The first recorded use of smallpox as a biological weapon was in 1756. Sir Jeffrey Amherst and other members of the British colonial army gave blankets that had previously belonged to smallpox victims to American Indians, causing them and their tribes to contract the disease previously unknown to them. In some areas, more than 50% of the population perished. WORLD WAR II During the second world war, the Axis decided to begin the usage of biological weapons in order to assure that the war went in their favor. This task was assigned to Japanese Military Unit 731, which recruited numer... ...(2005) Biological weapons defense: infectious diseases and counterbioterrorism. New York: Humana. Smallpox. (2006, July 30.) Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Smallpox Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006) What you should know about a smallpox outbreak. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/ smallpox/basics/outbreak.asp United States Department for Health and Human Services. (2006) Smallpox: About the disease. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.hhs.gov/smallpox/About Disease.html World Health Organization. (2006) Smallpox. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/ World Health Organization. (2006) Report from the Secretariat: Smallpox eradication - destruction of smallpox virus stocks. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB117/B117_33-en.pdf

Character of Mr. Ramsay in Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse Essay exa

The Character of Mr. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse      Ã‚  Ã‚   When reading novels, it is important to understand the aspects of each character to completely get the message that the author is trying to send to the reader.   In the novel, To The Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf illustrates the character, Mr. Ramsay as a husband and a father of eight.   As a husband, he mentally abuses his wife, Mrs. Ramsay, and as a father, Mr. Ramsay discourages and psychologically abuses his children to an extent that makes his children hate him.   Mr. Ramsay has another side of compassion, and love for his family.   Woolf describes Mr. Ramsay as insensitive, malicious, and brutal toward his family, but he also desires happiness and wants the best for his family.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Mr. Ramsay often scolds and mentally abuses Mrs. Ramsay, all he wants is love and affection from his wife.   For example, when Mrs. Ramsay lies to James about the next day's weather, "There wasn't the slightest chance that we could go to the lighthouse tomorrow" (31).   This comment shows that, if Mr. Ramsay doesn't want to do something, they are not going to do it.   During the same conversation Mr. Ramsay say something that he would later realize he shouldn't of said.   Mr. Ramsay regrets getting upset at his wife for no reason and he is ashamed of the actions that he took.   As a result of hurt that he caused his wife, Mr. Ramsay wants to make her happy again.      Next, the novel displays Mr. Ramsay's insensitivity towards Mrs. Ramsay when his comments make her "bend her head as if to let the pelt of jagged hail, the drench the dirty water, bespatter her unrebuked" (32).   This illustrates Mr. Ramsay as heartless to other's feelings, it seems like he enjoys torm... ... are abusive, but he also has the positive traits of sincerity and sensitivity toward his family.   Woolf illustrated Mr. Ramsay as both mentally abusive, but also loving and caring toward his wife, Mrs. Ramsay.   Mr. Ramsay is very harsh and critical toward his children because he wants the best for them and for them to become self-sufficient, but his children do not realize this and makes them hate being around their father.   Woolf does not describe Mr. Ramsay as only bad or good, but she describes him as a real person with personality flaws.   She does this because it makes it easier for the reader to understand the individual as a whole, instead of just a fictitious character.   By using this writing technique, Woolf allows the readers to fully grasp the concept of the character.    Works Cited Woolf, Virginia.   To The Lighthouse.   New York: Harvest, 1955.

Norman Rockwell :: essays research papers

Norman Rockwell was one of America’s greatest illustrators of this century who made many significant contributions to the field of graphic design with his works that promoted patriotic unity, conveyed the national scene, and often time just evoked or inspired emotions in his audiences. Ironically this painter was regarded as an illustrator in the eyes of other freelance artists due to his occupational limitations, and his supervisor’s restrictions characteristic of the Saturday Evening Post where he did most of his work from 1916 to 1963. Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894 and since his childhood years had always aspired to be an artist. Instead of finishing high school Rockwell left high school to attend classes at the National Academy of Design and later on the Art Students League in New York. Here Rockwell was recognized as an above average illustrator with good potential. Rockwell then after developing his skills and contributing many illustrations to childre n’s magazines, managed to muster up the courage to show his work to a bigger periodical, the Saturday Evening Post. Happy with the quality of Rockwell’s work the Post gave Rockwell a job creating illustrations and cover art for its periodicals. This would be his arena, revealing his works to thousands of people, for over forty years. During this period Rockwell painted portraits of various celebrities and persona. Rockwell was a "people painter" and predominantly worked with the depiction of emotions inspired by his models. Rockwell always took particular care in picking and choosing his models as he was very pragmatic and wanted them to exhibit characteristics that met with his peculiar standards. During his time with the Post, Rockwell often made illustrations that effectively conveyed events taking place on the national scene. During different periods in American history Rockwell used his special skill in detail to capture and portray illustrations that ac curately reflected the emotions felt in the hearts of Americans at the time. Rockwell made several illustrations exhibiting events like the Great Depression and World War I. In fact during the second World War Rockwell was motivated by President Roosevelt himself to create one of his greatest projects, The Four Freedoms Paintings, illustrating each of America’s fundamental freedoms and revealing the reason behind the United States’ participation in the war. This Four Freedoms Project is one that reflects Rockwell’s great generosity and kindness as a person. Rockwell agreed to

Animal testing should not be banned Essay

For many years, animals have been used in research both in the scientific and medical fields. In order to introduce new drugs into the market, they have to be tested first on animals in order to ascertain whether they are effective or not. Animal experimentation in this context defines the use of non-humans, mostly animals, to test new drugs and consumer goods such as cosmetics, pesticides, herbicides, food additives, among others (Taylor 120). Pharmaceutical companies and research institutions have been active in animal experiments because these institutions are charged with coming up with new drugs. What has however been controversial with animal experiments is whether this procedure should be banned or not based on its ethical implications. Animal rights activists have been at the forefront in advocating for a ban on animal experiments based on the ethical issues associated with it. For those supporting the use of animals in experiments, the arguments that have been made include p ossibilities of medical and scientific breakthroughs, safety for humans, and accuracy of results. When the benefits of animal experimentation are weighed against the drawbacks, it is evident that the procedure is beneficial. Accordingly, animal experimentation should not be banned. First, animal experiments should not be banned based on the fact that it has been beneficial to humans and animals. With the recent technological advancement, substantive accomplishment has been made in the field of human medicine and science. In this regard, the use of animal testing cannot be underestimated. Taylor (132) maintains that animal experimentation has helped in unearthing new drugs that have helped to ease the suffering of humans from disease that was once witnessed in the past. Blakemore support Taylors point by indicating that vaccines for polio and cervical cancer, insulin, antibiotics, heart-bypass surgery, among others were all advances that were achieved through animal testing. For a patient to receive therapy or treatment, it has to be known that this originated from an arduous medi cal research involving animals. For instance, Blakemore uses an example of how people can easily forget the importance of animals in medical research. This is based on the fact that powerful drugs such as Avastin used to treat bowel, breast, and lung cancer were developed after research was conducted on mice. John Stein, the professor of Oxford Functional Neurosurgery Group also supports animal experiments because it helps to improve medicines and treatments  (Campbell). Some countries like the UK have even realized the benefits of animal testing in advancing the medical field (University of Bradford). However, UK has banned the use of animal testing for consumer goods such as for cosmetics production (University of Bradford). Critics have however been instrumental in indicating a number of ethical implications linked with animal testing. As the critics point out, animal testing is a procedure that does not take into consideration the rights of animals. As a matter of fact, animals are just like humans who require to be treated the way humans are treated. While supporting animal research, Taylor (120) however cites some commentators who argue that the experiment that involved testing cosmetics and other hazardous products on rabbits in order to know how long the rabbits would die was unethical. This experiment fundamentally was meant to test the level of toxicity of certain substances. As Taylor (128) echoes the sentiments of critics, this is an inhumane way of treating animals because â€Å"†¦ the suffering of any being ought to count equally with the like suffering of any other being.† These among other critical arguments have formed the basis of the opposing side of animal testing. It may be justified to talk in terms of animal ethics when there is justification that animals have actually been mistreated. Considering that few cases have been reported regarding inhumane treatment of animals, it should not however justi fy the lifting of a ban on animal testing. As a matter of fact, animals have helped a great deal in the scientific and medical field which has equally improved the quality of human life. From a practical perspective, the use of animal experiments guarantees the safety of humans. In order to ascertain whether drugs and other consumer goods are safe for humans, the use of animals becomes justified. Taylor (132) even supports this idea by indicating that very few animals are sacrificed during such experiments which help to not only save millions of people, but also animals. Opponents of this claim have however cited cases of animal suffering and deaths because of ineffective experimental procedures. Taylor (120) highlights a critical perspective regarding this issue by indicating that â€Å"Of course, Jennie was not human; she was a squirrel monkey. To do such a research on a human being would be immoral. The question then is, what justifies using a monkey?† Other commentators have also indicated the idea of injecting animals with toxins in the name of scientific advancement. Although these arguments may seem  plausible, it is however important to note that humans are practically more important than animals. It would thus be justified to assert that animal testing should not be banned. It has also been found that technological advancement has enabled results from animal testing to be more accurate with minimal harm inflicted on animals. Blakemore highlights the biological relationship that humans have with animals. According to the author, chimpanzees and some rodents like mice and rats share similar genes with humans. The way these animals respond to disease treatments is just the same as humans. Because there is no other alternative to test the effectiveness of drugs and consumer goods, the use of animals in experiments becomes justified. Blakemore reiterates that there are many incurable diseases such as Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis which require quick research in order to find new treatment. Because researchers and scientists have the ability to achieve this objective, they need to use every tool available at their disposal in order to ensure that cures for such diseases are found. Critics of this argument have however maintained their stand regarding the futility of such efforts. As critics claim, some drugs have not been as effective as claimed. Indeed, some of the consumer products and drugs have had to be recalled because of ineffective experimental procedures which resulted in drugs not serving their intended purposes. It can be justified to agree to this assertion considering that animal experiments are products of human making which are subject to errors and flaws. However, with the recent advancement in technology, such cases have become rare. Taylor (134-136) posits that there are new methods such as computer simulation which allows existing information and data to be used by researchers and scientists to further improve on what had earlier been done. Banning animal testing would in this case amount to deteriorating health standards of people within societies. Definitely, animal testing has been a controversial issue considering that there are ethical implications associated with it. While this may be true, the benefits of this procedure however outweigh the drawbacks. For those who want a ban on animal testing to be lifted, the procedure is not ethical but only serves to infringe on the rights of animals. The arguments made by critics however are shortsighted because history clearly indicates that the drugs that people are using nowadays came as a result of animal testing. Fundamentally, animal  testing should not be banned because there are possibilities of future cures being unearthed, the procedure is safe for humans, and the results have been more precise. – approximately 5 billion animals are consumed as food annually – compared to that, only 17-22 million animals are used for in research annually – anesthesia is used today to numb the body during operations because it was successfully tested on animals => 6 % of animals do however experience pain, but this has to do with the research itself – the alleviation of pain would compromise the results => 61 % of animals used suffer no pain => 31 % of animals have pain relieved with anesthesia – AIDs research relies heavily on animal testing; other testing techniques aren’t optimized yet stem cells (SC) are a relative new way to perform testing. This will decrease the use of animals in the testing process. Furthermore, SC can show a specific organ’s reaction to a substance. The housing of the animals, feeding, carrying, treatments, controlling the environment, is very expensive oFinding drugs and treatments to improve health and medicine. There are already some lifesaving medical breakthroughs that are the result of animal testing, like open heart surgery, organ transplants, effective insulin, vaccines for deadly diseases, †¦ It is the most accurate way to learn the effects of substances in a living body Ensuring the safety of drugs and other substances Human harm is reduced and human lives are saved but also animal lives are saved because of animal testing. Many of the medications and procedures that we currently use today wouldn’t exist and the development of future treatments would be extremely limited. Many argue that the lives of animals may be worthy of some respect, but the value we give on their lives does not count as much as the value we give to  human life. Using cell cultures can only reveal side effects on a molecular level and cannot unfortunately, reveal side effects like organ failure, rashes, tumors, or cardiac arrest like animal testing can. Using computer models cannot always predict unknown variables that can be discovered with animal testing. Animals may not have the exact same philology as humans but animal testing is accurate enough to test whether a substance is even safe enough for human trials. Experiments must only take place if there is no alternative method that does not entail the use of animals. Animals involved must be those with the lowest degree of neuro-physiological sensitivity†. http://levmm1.wordpress.com/ https://proxy.zalmos.com/browse.php/q3ytFd7a/EB8_2FxG/0Ac0HzT3/2sRwgT7f/_2FYnbG9/OapnYXZM/HHfGlrE_/3D/b0/