Programmable Logic Controller System Plc

Programmable Logic Controller System Plc Two decades prior, machines were basic and work in processing plants was, generally, manual in nature. Machines were intended to be physically controlled. Today, if individuals search for around them will discover numerous things have the control frameworks, which are important to arrange the mind boggling gadgets. The control framework is of essential significance for gadgets and machines in manufacturing plants, airplane, vehicles, and even in some home gadgets. Hence, life has gotten simpler and creation has significantly progressed. Presently, the control framework is following up for people, helping them for instance to stay away from dangers in substance production lines, which can be incredibly hazardous for people. Today, it is hard for individuals to keep away from the utilization of control frameworks in the work place. Control frameworks control complex procedures, which manage the creation in tremendous production lines. Without robotized control frameworks, production li nes face numerous issues, which would some way or another be extremely elusive an answer for. With the start of the cutting edge businesses, the specialists required frameworks to assist them with accelerating creation and to get high caliber easily. Electronic frameworks as sensors and switches were developed to screen and control fabricating and decrease work and creation mistakes. Switches and sensors were expected to supplement programming and equipment and to accelerate the investigation of info information and get the outcomes to help the specialists in preparing steps. The main framework and programming utilized around there was the SCADA framework. Be that as it may, this framework was mind boggling and couldn't be connected with other checking frameworks. Thus, they imagined the PLC, which thus encouraged the way toward programming. Additionally, it contained numerous prospects including its capacity to interface effectively with different frameworks underway lines to aid the improvement of the creation procedure. PLC, which has a fundamental impact during the time s pent robotization and control, is one of the most significant frameworks in numerous plant creation lines, and it has a greater number of highlights than different frameworks. History of PLC Considerably after Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were concocted, various issues with transfers stayed to be worked out. Numerous upgrades happened during the 1960s. During the 70s, they improved more. The capacity to convey between PLCs was included. This made a space between the controlling circuit and the machine it was controlling. Different issues had happened during the 1980s, however they were controlled. Likewise during the 1980s, PLCs were made a lot littler. A lot more ways a PLC could be customized were created during the 90s. Generally speaking, ventures despite everything use PLC from multiple points of view and it is likely they will keep on being utilized for quite a while to come. (Amunrud, 2002) Definition PLC represents programmable rationale controller, which is a gadget with numerous valuable and supportive applications. PLCs are utilized instead of other electromechanical frameworks. Moreover, PLCs can likewise control the frameworks of creation, assembling, and semiconductor machines. PLCs can be intended to be utilized in outrageous circumstances, for example, high temperature, high stickiness, and in states of extraordinary commotion around enormous machines .The information of PLCs can be altogether different. For instance, PLCs in plants are about speed and precision, so they rely upon the fixings and measures. In any case, PLCs utilized in rush hour gridlock frameworks are about association (SIMATIC manual 2004). How PLC Works: A programmable rationale controller (PLC) gets and gathers input information from estimation gadgets, for example, sensors and switches, at that point investigates data of these information at a high rate reacting with program directions as a procedure PC. From that point forward, the PLC sends back the outcomes as yield information to the last gadgets, similar to engines, in light of result assessed (Bern and Olsen, 2002). As per Bryan (1997), PLCs are fit for putting away directions, for example, sequencing, timing, checking, math, information control, and correspondence, to control mechanical machines and procedures. Reconstructing a PLC acknowledges changes on the practical activity of a machine framework without fundamental physical changes in the control or yield framework parts or wiring (Cox, 2001). In this way, a programmable rationale controller needs a coordinated framework comprising of programming and equipment. PLC equipment parts A total programmable rationale controller (PLC), including all information/yield (I/O) modules, is known as a station. Each station has in any event one module rack containing a force flexibly and a focal handling unit module. Info/yield modules make the connection to the machine or plant. The pieces of a station were delineated beneath: Force gracefully (PS): it gives inward flexibly voltage, which is either 120V/220V AC, or 24V DC. A focal preparing unit (CPU): the CPU, which stores and procedures the I/O information, is a memory and processer. Info and Output modules (I/O): they are getting and sending information through system from the estimation gadgets to engines. Interface Module (IM): it associated the various racks with one another. A programming gadget: the two fundamental things in the programming gadget are communicators and PCs that help the developers to make and supplement the projects to the PLC. Human Machine Interface (HMI): it is a presentation and contact board where administrators can watch and deal with the basic types of gear. Those PLC segments are cooperating to arrive at the target of controlling the framework .The info modules, or focuses, utilized by a PLC relies on the kinds of information gadgets utilized. Some info modules or focuses respond to advanced data sources, likewise called separate information sources, which is either 0/1, on or off proclamations. Different modules or data sources respond to simple signs. These simple signs speak to machine or procedure conditions as a scope of current qualities or voltage. The essential capacity of a PLC that has input hardware is to make these different switches convert the signs and sensors into legitimate signs that can be utilized by the CPU. The CPU assesses the status of data sources, yields, and different factors as it executes a put away program. The CPU at that point imparts signs to refresh the status of yields. The yield modules convert control signals from the CPU into either computerized or simple qualities that can be utilized to control di fferent yield gadgets. The programming gadget is utilized to enter or change the PLCs program or to screen or change put away qualities. Once entered and customized, the related factors are put away in the CPU. Notwithstanding these fundamental components, a PLC framework may likewise incorporate an administrator interface gadget to streamline observing of the machine or procedure. Figure 2.0 beneath clarifies how the procedure of how PLCs associate in industry. Figure 2.0 this figure clarified the entire framework work. Notwithstanding these fundamental components, a PLC framework may likewise incorporate an administrator machine interface gadget to improve observing of the machine or procedure. Model demonstrated as follows, pushbuttons (sensors) associated with PLC inputs is utilize associated with a PLC yield through an engine starter (actuator). No programming gadget or administrator interfaces are appeared in figure 3.0. Figure 3.0: It show the information, CPU and yield In past figure 3.0 it portray the information signal which is originated from pushbutton and got by CPU module in PLC rack which breaking down the information and send it to the engine starter at that point start and stop the engine relies upon the sort of sign. Sensors are gadgets that convert a state of being into an electrical sign, for example, a pushbutton that are associated with the contribution of a PLC. An electrical sign showing the request (open or shut) of the pushbutton contacts is sent from the pushbutton to the PLC. Actuators that associated with the PLC yield are gadgets that convert an electrical sign to a physical request from a controller, for example, a PLC. An engine starter is one model of an actuator that routinely associated with a PLC yield. Contingent upon the status of the PLC yield, the engine starter either gracefully capacity to the engine or keeps power from streaming to the engine (figure 4.0). Figure 4.0: more portrayal on PLC from discrete Input to discrete yield In figure, 4.0 it is portrayed in more subtleties when the PLC rack got the sign which is came to include module at that point impart the sign to CPU which examine it and send the outcome to the yield module. PLC Programming: Numerical frameworks are valuable in many projects, as they are when utilized related to Programmable Logic Controllers to make programs. The essential capacity of programming gadgets is to show, store, and work. The numerical framework is the most significant component of programming a Programmable Logic Controller. The number frameworks normally experienced while utilizing programmable controllers are base 2, base 8, base 10, and base 16. These frameworks are called paired, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal, separately. Utilizing a paired numerical framework, which utilizes 2 as the base, and just permits the utilization of digits 0 and 1 where there are no 2s, 3s ,, etc, is utilized in programming. In gadgets, for example, PCs and programmable rationale controllers, the double framework is helpful. It is a simpler method to configuration projects to manage machines that examine between just two passages or numbers to begin or stop. For instance, 0 and 1 speak to on and off, separate ly. The octal framework acts instead of the twofold number framework by utilizing less digits. The octal framework utilizes the number 8 as a base and just permits eight digits beginning with 0 and closure with 7 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Additionally, with different frameworks, utilizing hexadecimal further decreases the quantity of digits in the programming language and coding framework (Bryan, 1997). Pioneer rationale is the fundamental strategy for programming utilized in PLCs. This strategy is utilized to assemble the entire program by utilizing the numerical framework to spare the program in the CPUs recollections. In this area, numerous projects have their own language and PLCs have thei

ottoman empire :: essays research papers

     Form the late eighteenth century into the mid twentieth century, the footstool Empire kept on holding a lot of its essential political and financial structures. In spite of the fact that these things were commonly unmistakable to prior periods in it’s history, the domain was losing an area as wildernesses shank. In spite of their contracting of an area, numerous powers inside the domain turned out to be increasingly mind boggling. Just as battling the recognizable supreme wars, the administration was managing inward disobedience too. As of now, the state was getting increasingly powerful in the day by day wars of it’s residents. Among these impacts the job, and religion, the two Muslims and not-Muslims and the lawful status of ladies where evolving. Anyway the most critical of challenge to the domain right now, was developing between innate and ethnic viciousness. Therefore this variables political and monetary change was sure.      This lead to significant changes with the realm. This paper will concentrate on the three of this changes. The first accumulating in 1829, included an extreme change to the clothing regulation for the guys with the general public. Without precedent for it’s history, dress would not be accustomed to dressing with class; second, the well known rose nursery announcement of 1839, which endeavored to make uniformity and dread equity for all the residents; lastly the 1856, hatt-I humayan order which restart the changes of 1839 and included the crucial ideas of fairness of training and business. Ruler Mahmut 2 turned out to be increasingly dynamic figure in the footrest domain, he rolled out enormous improvements in the administration office, work area and seats rather lounge chairs and pads, additionally changed the clothing standard, fighters begin wearing western style uniform jeans, tunics and boots rather than robes and shoes. Overnight the ruler Mahmut 2 gave in canceled the old social markers dependent on wearing attire. Rather, another arrangement of guidelines requested that all official wear the Fez that is, the very same headgear. With this demonstration, so all they guys appeared to be identical: the old convention of the turbans and robes of respect won’t energized no more. The stool ladies, were just overlooked as far as it matters for them. hassock realm :: expositions inquire about papers      Form the late eighteenth century into the mid twentieth century, the hassock Empire kept on holding a lot of its fundamental political and monetary structures. Despite the fact that these things were commonly unmistakable to prior periods in it’s history, the domain was losing an area as wildernesses shank. In spite of their contracting of an area, numerous powers inside the domain turned out to be increasingly mind boggling. Just as battling the recognizable magnificent wars, the initiative was managing inward insubordination too. As of now, the state was getting increasingly persuasive in the day by day wars of it’s residents. Among these impacts the job, and religion, the two Muslims and not-Muslims and the legitimate status of ladies where evolving. Anyway the most noteworthy of challenge to the realm right now, was developing between ancestral and ethnic brutality. Accordingly this components political and financial change was sure.      This lead to significant changes with the domain. This paper will concentrate on the three of this changes. The first collecting in 1829, included an extreme change to the clothing regulation for the guys with the general public. Without precedent for it’s history, dress would not be accustomed to dressing with class; second, the acclaimed rose nursery declaration of 1839, which endeavored to make balance and dread equity for all the residents; lastly the 1856, hatt-I humayan order which restart the changes of 1839 and included the crucial ideas of correspondence of instruction and work. King Mahmut 2 turned out to be progressively dynamic figure in the footstool realm, he rolled out enormous improvements in the administration office, work area and seats rather love seats and pads, likewise changed the clothing standard, warriors begin wearing western style uniform jeans, tunics and boots rather than robes and shoes. Overnight the king Mahmut 2 gave in nullified the old social markers dependent on wearing attire. Rather, another arrangement of guidelines requested that all official wear the Fez that is, the very same headgear. With this demonstration, so all they guys appeared to be identical: the old custom of the turbans and robes of respect won’t energized no more. The hassock ladies, were essentially disregarded as far as it matters for them.

The Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder

The Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Mood Stabilizers Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on January 19, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights David Malan / Photographers Choice / Getty Images If you have bipolar disorder, medication will be a key part of your treatment regimen along with therapy, healthy lifestyle choices, and other coping strategies. Mood stabilizers are one of the most important medications for treating bipolar disorder, and they will likely be prescribed to you. These medications control the extreme highs and lows of bipolar disorder, primarily reducing the risk of  mania and hypomania, but some mood stabilizers also have antidepressant effects. Mood Stabilizers Lithium was the first mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder and it is still used today.??  Anticonvulsant medications, originally used to treat seizure disorders and eventually found to help stabilize moods,  are used for this purpose as well. Other medications, such as  calcium-channel blockers, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics  also have mood-stabilizing effects and may be used to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium: The First Mood Stabilizer Lithium is an excellent treatment for both mania and hypomania and it also  has antidepressant effects. Although it is the oldest mood stabilizer, it is still a staple in the medical arsenal for treating bipolar symptoms.??  Today, lithium remains the only medication that was approved  first  for bipolar disorder, rather than being developed for other conditions or symptoms and later found to work as a mood stabilizer. If your doctor chooses to prescribe lithium, you will need to have regular blood tests to make sure your lithium blood levels are in a therapeutic range, as levels that are too high can be toxic. Lithium is processed by the kidneys, so you will also need your kidney levels checked while on this medication.?? In addition, being dehydrated can cause lithium blood levels to rise, so be sure to drink enough fluids while on lithium. Anticonvulsants Anticonvulsants are shown to relieve the symptoms of mania. They also called anti-epileptic drugs, as they were developed to treat seizure disorders.?? A very commonly used anticonvulsant for bipolar disorder is called Depakote (valproic acid). People who cannot tolerate lithium, or who have rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, tend to do well with this medication. Antipsychotics Acute episodes of mania result in psychosis in as many as 50% of those with bipolar disorder.?? In these people, antipsychotics are used frequently. They are also often used to decrease symptoms of mania until mood stabilizers,  such as lithium or valproate,  can take full effect. In some people, these medications may be used long-term. Several  atypical antipsychotics, the newer generation of antipsychotics, also have antidepressant properties. Calcium Channel Blockers There is evidence that certain calcium channel blockers, typically  used to treat high blood pressure,  irregular heartbeats  and other heart problems,  are effective as mood stabilizers. Because they have fewer side effects than lithium and anticonvulsants, they may be an option for people who cant tolerate those medications.?? However, calcium channel blockers must be taken at higher doses and more frequently, up to 4-6 times daily, in order to be effective for bipolar disorder. They may also be less effective than the first-line medications above. Benzodiazepines Anti-anxiety drugs in a class called benzodiazepines are sometimes used to gain rapid control of manic symptoms as mood stabilizers more slowly take effect. The benzodiazepines are central nervous system (CNS) depressants and fast-acting sedatives. These medications are primarily used to induce sleep, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and prevent seizures. They may also be used to help restore a normal sleep schedule. Remember That BPD Medications Take Time to Become Effective Its important to note that most of these medications, with the exception of fast-acting benzodiazepines, typically take more than one month to become fully effective. As you wait for your medications to kick in, therapy, exercise, a solid sleep schedule, a good social support network, and a healthy diet can all make a big difference in how you feel. Trial and Error for Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder If you have rapid-cycling bipolar, which means you have at least four mood episodes a year, it may take even more trial and error to find the right medications to stabilize your symptoms. Try to be patient and give it time until you find the right combination.

Rose Water Recipe

Rose water is one of several products your can buy or make that retains the fragrance of rose petals. It is used in perfumes and cosmetics, plus it has slightly astringent properties, so it makes an excellent facial toner. Because the commercial process used to make rose water is labor intensive and requires a lot of roses, its an expensive product to buy. However, if you have roses, you can make your own rose water quite easily. Its an easy example of distillation, an important chemical separation and purification process. Rose Water Materials rose petalswatersmall pancotton balls Experiment with different types of roses, since each rose has its own characteristic scent. Damask rose has the classic rose scent, but some roses smell like citrus fruit, spices, or licorice.The resulting rose water wont smell exactly the same as the original flowers because distillation only captures some of the volatile compounds present in the petals. There are other methods used to capture other essences, such as solvent extraction and more complex distillations. Directions Place the rose petals in a small pan.Add enough water to just barely cover the petals.Gently boil the water.Collect the steam that boils off using a cotton ball. You may wish to place the cotton ball on a fork or hold it with tongs, to avoid getting burned. Once the cotton ball is wet, remove it from the steam and squeeze it out over a small jar. This is the rose water.You can repeat the process to collect more steam.Store your rose water in a sealed container, away from direct sunlight or heat. You can refrigerate it to keep it fresh longer. Large Scale Rose Water Recipe Are you ready for a more advanced version of the project? If you have a few quarts of rose petals, you can collect much more rose water using a slightly more complex home steam distillation apparatus: 2-3 quarts rose petalswaterice cubespot with rounded lidbrickbowl that fits inside pot Place the brick in the center of the pot. There is nothing magical about the brick. Its purpose is simply to hold the collection bowl above the surface of the roses.Put the rose petals in the pot (around the brick) and add enough water to barely cover the petals.Set the bowl on top of the brick. The bowl will collect the rose water.Invert the lid of the pot (turn it upside down), so the rounded part of the lid dips into the pot.Heat the roses and water to a gentle boil. Place ice cubes on the top of the lid. The ice will cool the steam, condensing the rose water inside the pot and making it run down the lid and drip into the bowl.Continue gently boiling the roses and adding ice as needed until you have collected the rose water. Dont boil off all the water. Youll collect the most concentrated rose water in the first few minutes. After that, it will become more and more dilute. Turn off the heat when you notice the condensation isnt as rose-scented as you would like. You can collect be tween a pint and quart of rose water in 20-40 minutes using 2-3 quarts of rose petals. Other Floral Scents This process works with other floral essences, too. Other flower petals that work well include: honeysucklelilacvioletshyacinthirislavender You can experiment with mixing the scents to make custom fragrances. While rose water, violet water, and lavender water are edible and safe for use in cosmetics, some other types of flowers are only good as fragrances and shouldnt be applied directly to the skin or ingested. Safety Notes This is a fun project for kids, but adult supervision is required because boiling water and steam are involved. Kids can collect flowers and squeeze liquid from cooled cotton balls.If you are using the rose water (or violet or lavender water) for cooking or cosmetics, be sure to use flowers that are free of pesticides. Many gardeners spray flowers with chemicals or feed them with systemic pesticides. For a simple fragrance project, its fine to simply rinse off the flower petals to remove any residue, but avoid using chemically treated flowers for food projects or cosmetics. Learn More Design Your Own PerfumeSolid Perfume RecipeSafety Tips for Making Perfume

Discrimination towards women, LGBTQ+A and African Americans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1969 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Discrimination towards women Gender, race, sexual orientation, religion and even political discrimination occurs more than some may believe in the professional field. Discrimination is having a negative stigma towards one because of who they are or what they believe in. In economics, the glass ceiling is the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination towards women, LGBTQ+A and African Americans" essay for you Create order The glass ceiling is a problematic issue in America that barely gets a wide range of recognition due to women being the minority in the professional and labor field, men have not made it a priority to pay women their equal share. Women in America earn $.77 compared to a mens $1.00. This actually only includes worth of white women, African American women earn $.64 to a dollar while Latino American women earn $.54. These facts are necessary to understand when speaking of progress, attitudes towards others and opportunities. These are women who have earned degrees and are working in their desired career whereas men earning a full dollar dont even necessarily need a degree to make more than a degree holding women . Women who obtain Master degrees still make less than men who obtain Bachelor degrees. These horrible facts hold women back progression as a whole and it gives men an upper advantage that isnt fair. When speaking of progress, if a women is earning only $..77, $.64 and $.54 to a mens dollar, what hope does that give young women who also want to earn a degree and become the head of their household, if necessary? This gives little to no hope because no matter how hard they work, they will never be able to receive the amount that they are worth until they playing field is leveled evenly. Equality in America has been a struggle since one can remember, a white mans need has always been top priority while everyone else staggers behind him. White women earn more on a dollar than any other women which also causes problems within the feminist movement itself due to the fact that all women do not feel equal to white women. White feminist have rallied and protested only for those of their own kind and have prepared a steady life for them while women of color and other American minorities barely have a platform to fight from. In economics, the glass ceiling is the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women. Women from the 70s and 80s have become to accustomed to tradition discrimination in the job field that they begin to accept any jobs that they could get. For a long time companies market new positions by gender, for example a popular seen ad was Help Wanted- MALE. Because of this set back, women begin taking whatever they could get at any pay. This was a major set-back but for the wage gap, although there was an act passed stating that discrimination in the work place was illegal, companies still decided to hire predominantly men, even when men of color would accept jobs, it wouldnt be for the same rate as white men. Almost no one was equal to the white men. When everyone walks the same walk in life and experience the same attitudes from particular groups due to them not looking, behaving, thinking, admiring the same as the majority then people could be more understanding and sympathetic. I believe that the main issue in America is the lack of sympathy, respect, love and sensitivity for one another. America as a whole suffers from trying to force religious and economic beliefs on people to the point that no one likes anyone and theres only one way of living your life the right way and thats through your religion, anyone outside of that population is looked down upon although God will take you as you are is every Christians favorite quote. Women are not getting the fair shot that we believe every American deserves, a famous quote by the President of the United States of America, Mr. Obama himself . If this was not a huge problem that we were facing, the president himself would not be taking such serious actions against companies who are deciding to still pay women and minority men what they deserve. There have also been studies of companies discriminating due to sexual orientation although its been clearly written as illegal. While equal opportunity policies have been successful over the years in advancing womens workplace equality, it is also important to take into consideration career attitudes, values, and life goals when creating additional measures to promote equality as these may differ between men and women and may even differ on a geographical basis. Male theorist are telling women that their biggest set-back is themselves. They are not accomplishing as much as men because they are too focused on feminist myths instead of climbing up this visible success latter. Women biologically are capable of doing things that men are incapable of doing for example carrying a baby. Because women are legally given time off of work for maternity leave, men feel like this also plays a role into why they deserve more on the dollar. An argument has been if a woman takes time off to nurture a child and physically heal, why men cant take off the same time and nurture their newborn as well, fortunately this is something that companies are taking into consideration. This is not an adequate argument or excuse as to why women are facing what theyre facing but society being true to what it is, the true issue of men not believing that women should be equal to them in anyway gets avoided. Fortunately enough there are allies to the feminist organization, men who rally and protest a long side of women who are fighting for their rights. Allies to organizations are just important as the effected members are because they are ones who identify as such but stand equally as a fighter of equality in any form. Some critics believe that women are not making the amount that men make due to mistakes that theyve made in their career. Specifically, Claudia Goldin from Harvard University economics department believe that the smoking gun no longer exists, it is a part of the past and women have the choice to pick up as many shifts as men do, work as hard as men request more money to tackle being paid less than men. People who come from families that gained access to funds through capitalism usually have this mindset due to them never having to struggle to see better days or never had to suffer from what majority of people face on a daily basis. Discrimination towards LGBTQ+A Adam and Eve was created to populate the world not Adam and Steve, this is one of the most popular quotes used by homophobes who believe that they are educating us about what God wants us to know. Men are made to build families and take care of the hard duty as women are only created to have babies, cook and clean for their spouses. This is unfortunately how all religious people in America think, these are beliefs that they pass down to the generations to come. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning plus allies (LGBTQA) is the world known organization made for the members by the members plus allies as a diverse group that welcomes all to feel included in their community, they also educate those who are not informed about the group. Members of the organization have been targeted for hate crimes as men and women in America believe that they should not be allowed to get married, raise families together or show public affection in the eyes of adolescents/teenagers . Religious companies have used their platforms against the LGBTQ community by refusing to hire and even to the extreme of serving them. Popular companies such as Chick-fil-a and Cracker Barrel have a negative connotation towards the community and theyve expressed it by voicing their opinion. With the companies having such a wide population, they had to change their platforms or they would have lost thousands if not millions of dollars from boycotts. Even until this day members of the community do not support these businesses although theyve change how they market themselves and theyve even hired members of the community but were not impressed. Discrimination towards African Americans The life of African Americans is the most difficult life to live in this world. Not only are we not accepted in the country that our ancestors practically built but we are discriminated against in other countries due to the negative stigma that has been passed along to the world. We are not given equal opportunities, we are slaughtered on our very own streets, we are jailed at a rapid rate, we are hated and taunted for our natural characteristics, oppressed and fed up. Now more than ever we are facing times that our ancestors prayed for, we are back tracking and having to prove our worthiness to a country that knows what we are capable of. Racist America has showed us that not only do our lives matter to them but we are not worthy of fair trials, equal opportunities, we can be beaten, taunted and killed on camera but told that our suspect is innocent, we are allowed to be racially profiled and we are allowed to be told that our pussies are respected in 2016. Being black in America is by far the hardest job that Ive had to work, I dont receive any off days of being black, I am not respected by my peers, I am not human enough to be treated equally and my live does not matter in America. Being black in America sucks! Equal opportunity across the world has been questioned for centuries, discrimination against race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group affiliations and even culture natural traits are common especially in America. Minorities and women have always felt that theyve had to fight every day to live a life that should be given without a fight. Simple rights have been taunted and questioned in work cultures, social world and even the legal system. The problem that critics dont realize about asking for more pay to receive equal pay as men is that we shouldnt have to rally for more money on the hour or salary pay, it should be given to us as our right as it is given to men without them rallying and protesting about it. This is something that each American as well as women and minorities across the world should be given if respected and looked at as an equal to everyone else. The gender wage gap effects families across the world, women and minorities not granted equal pay forces them t o spend less time with their families and more time at work to make up for the loss of pay due to this pay differential. This makes it hard for women who are raising young girls, to give them motivation to work as hard as they can because history has shown that no matter how hard you work and how much education you have, a men with little to no qualifications compared to yours could take your job and even receive a better pay than you.

Life of Pi Essay Topics Tips & Guide

Life of Pi Essay Topics Tips & Guide It is a fact that there are a few fundamental differences between all these religions, so they all cannot be the exact same. It explains the many ideals which are among different religions. For Pi, belief is just one of the most attractive actions of human life. Actually, the idea of atheism frightens him so much. Practicing three unique religions gave Pi the flexibility to pick the nice and convenient aspects from each. Humans are so much like this habit. The last straw was when Loon wanted PI to lease a backhoe to dig up his property to locate the tunnels. However, to the audience it's more important than that, it's about the 2 sides to Pi. Only Pi and a number of animals survive. Within this case as there is no definite proof, Pi says how the very best fiction is the ideal reality. The 2 investigators think that the storm wouldn't have been strong enough to do it. What's more, faith is an important aspect in Pi's survival. Life of Pi Essay Topics People are not able to earn a proper judgement or a smart decision without reason. Reason helps people to consider the effects and make a logical judgement prior to taking any action. Men and women tend to earn any effort to be able to remove the struggling situation. The limitation of people is in a position to assist folks to experience the struggle and hence survive. If you discover something which once upon a time piqued your interest it may result in the ideal topic. They learn the way to be a better person they move from one area to another in an excellent way. What's your problem with hard to trust. The Fundamentals of Life of Pi Essay Topics Revealed Religion is a significant theme throughout the whole book. Symbolism is normal in everyday life, although we aren't conscious of the simple fact that it's there. Love is tough to believe, ask any lover. The story doesn't cause you to believe in god in the manner in which you think that it will. Music in the movie Life of Pi is crucial to demonstrate the feelings and emotions the audience ought to be experiencing, it may also set the mood to the scene. Take a minute to consider your present-day Life of Pi essay questions. Life of Pi Essay Topics - the Story Let's take a close look. The number Pi is a rather intricate number. Humans don't understand the true temperament of the absence of freedom till they experience the type of confinement that Pi experienced. Pi states that animals attack because of extreme necessity. The middle portion of the novel is about survival. He would need to choose what is the very best for his life. To me I think that it represents a whole lot of beauty and tradition and life within this life. There are particular common elements that point to the caliber and value of the essays. You may have completed previous assignments on the topic that you are now able to expound upon. In the same style, Chuck also had an opportunity to start over. This can get students speaking about the book and the way they'd relate to Pi in his circumstance. We hope you like reading our suggestions! New Ideas Into Life of Pi Essay Topics Never Before Revealed Life of Pi is a story in a story in a story. The novel reads like it is based on a real story, a nonfiction novel. Have them pick their favourite scene from the latest reading assignment on the novel. Examine the significance of believability inside this novel. The 5-Minute Rule for Life of Pi Essay Topics Thus, Pi decided to construct a raft using the life jackets in the boat as well as the ropes from the locker. For example, when it is stranded alone in the limitless ocean without any significant help at hand, he turns to a being much more powerful and resourceful than himself in order to cope with the situation at hand. Pi gets frustrated with the 2 men and yells at them, saying they are astoundingly ignorant of the number of animals escape and are lost from zoos all of the moment. These activities are intended for groups. Every one of the groups should be given a lifeboat bag put together beforehand. Have students work with each other to determine how they'd use the objects to survive. A number of the animals that are sold to American zoos are shipped on the exact same Japanese boat.

Should Students Wear School Uniforms Essay Example For Students

Should Students Wear School Uniforms Essay Schools today arent in the best condition. There is teasing, violence, discrimination, cliques, and poverty. There is much to say about how having mandatory school uniforms will help these problems. My question is, will uniforms help these problems enough to dismiss the hurt that they would cause? I say the uniforms do little to help. Having uniforms would stop the teasing and discrimination about clothing, but there is more to tease or discriminate someone about rather than just clothing. Such as hygiene, looks, personality, intelligence, race, and the list goes on. So unless people somehow find a way to be perfect in everyones opinion, teasing and discrimination wont stop. As for violence, its the same story. Uniforms would only stop the smallest percentage. In some ways uniforms actually make violence less preventable by eliminating one major warning sign. For example the black trench coats that were worn in by the murderers at Colorados Columbine High School shooting. Of course Im not saying we should arrest anyone who wears a trench coat, but the way that someone dresses can say a lot about their personality. If youre thinking that uniforms will end symbols of being in a gang such as gang colors,think about how many other ways that a gang member could symbolize that they were in a gang such as rolling up your sleeve or leaving out the tag on your shirt. Uniforms wouldnt help stop cliques. People have cliques because in a clique you have the same interests as each other, you can relate to each other, you get along with one another, etc. not because you shop at the same stores. Wearing the same thing as someone else would hardly help the poverty issue. It doesnt change the fact that you are poor. It just masks the fact that you cant afford new clothes but there are other, less noticeable signs of poverty like never having lunch money, or at the high school level, your car could be a sign. In my survey of Douglas High School students and teachers, the percentage of people that wanted school uniforms was about the same as the percentage who were against them; but the people who wanted school uniforms didnt have very good reasons of why they wanted them and they didnt seem to have thought about what uniforms were capable of. One student surveyed answered the question, what are some advantages of wearing school uniforms? by saying, You dont get judged! No stereotypes! . Another answered the same question by saying, Uniforms look cool! And you dont have to worry about what to wear the next day. . Both of these students answered the question about the disadvantag es of having school uniforms by saying there are no disadvantages. The anti-uniform students seemed to have thought more and were able to give extra comments and answer questions keeping in mind the advantages as well as the disadvantages. For example one student surveyed said, Uniforms would crush the personal style and individuality of the student body. they also added this in the comments section, When adolescents are in high school it is a critical stage in mental development. The personality is able to evolve and expand; uniforms would only be a ninderance. . A teacher who was surveyed wrote, Students today are trying to find out who they are and their style of dress is an expression of their personality and character. I do not believe uniforms are the answer. . Individuality is what makes the school interesting. I do realize that there are other ways to be an individual and express yourself besides your clothing, but clothing does play a big role in showing others what you are like and finding out who you want to be. I think that if we were to compare the damage that wearing uniforms causes to the good that wearing them would do, we would realize that uniforms do more bad than good and we could concentrate on finding real solution to all of the problems in schools. .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b , .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .postImageUrl , .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b , .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:hover , .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:visited , .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:active { border:0!important; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:active , .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u482b3a43040233bdef554466fdd07e8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr Segregation EssayWords/ Pages : 677 / 24

Causal Analysis Essays (1957 words) - Mood Disorders, Psychiatry

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Introduction Bipolar disorder, formally known as manic depression, is a mental disorder that seems to be talked around on a regular basis. The fact of the matter is, though, that it is an illness that affects many people worldwide. The purpose of this analysis is to provide an overview of a relatively common disorder that isn't necessarily common knowledge due to its extreme states of behaviors. Bipolar disorder causes both episodes of mania and of depression and, therefore, it make s life harder for those living with the condition. History Bipolar disorder, or rather the research gathered on it, started much earlier than the common person would assume . The h istory of manic depression is found in its first record s dated back to ancient Greece. Greeks believed manic behavior, or mental derangement, to be attributed to humor and melancholy being imbalanced (Martin, 2007, p. 16). Purging was a solution used to combat said imbalance; mania was organic, and so purging was an organic solution. Plato, in the Phaedrus, found mania to be some kind of inspiration from God or other strong emotional connections. Therefore, these were considered emotional disorders (Martin, 2007, p. 17). In the 1800s, it was acknowledged that emotions are their own force of the mind , as well as willpower and intellect . Emotional i nsanity was a proposed ide a that failed because there was no way to figure out which emotion meant what to each person (Martin, 2007, p. 17). Charles Darwin believed that emotions were something that humans attained over years of evolution. However, his research was stopped before it even began to develop because he thought that emotions were so deep that no individual would be able to account for their experiences (Martin, 2007, p. 17). Unfortunately, it took years for research to be completed on this. Bipolar disorder was originally referred to as manic depression and has made its way to the public eye through celebrities embracing their tendencies . Jim Ca r rey and Robin Williams are two people that those who were diagnosed with bipolar disorder look up to for their manic roles on the television. Both men act ed in roles that depict states of manic behavior, and because they are successful it is almost inspirational (Martin, 2007 , p. 1 ). In another form of art, Vincent van Gogh and Georgia O'Keeffe express ed their manic emotions on canvas with paint . These manic behaviors evoke fascination to people because of the productivity to come out of their manic behavior (Martin, 2007 , p. 1 ) . One pharmaceutical company wanted to use van Gogh's painting on the front of a brochure for a drug to treat bipolar disorder, however, it sparked the conversation of controversy. Since van Gogh took his own life at the youn g age of thirty-seven, there was the concern that people could assume that without the drug they would, in fact, die (Martin, 2007 , p. 154 ). Luckily the pamphlet used other designs so as to not display the said assumption . F urther ing the timeline on this research , a new realm of prescription drugs w as being produced to combat this mood disorder. S erotonin (5-HT) , a neurotransmitter that inhibits a happier mood because of its ability to act as an antidepressant (Young, 2000, p. 44). Because of that, it played a huge role in developing medicine for manic depression (Martin, 2007, p. 25). Subsequently, manic depression , under the official name of bipolar disorder to the DSM-III , in 1980 greatly advanced the battle against the sickness. Since the year of 1999 , the label "bipolar disorder" has been used three times more than that of "manic depression" (Martin, 2007, p. 27). The term bipolar itself can be broken down into two parts: bi- meaning two, and polar- meaning opposite tendencies. With the two meanings put together, it is a label given to those who experience two very opposite moods (Martin, 2007, p. 28). Biological Factors Now with some background information on the illness itself, it is time to further explain just what it does to someone suffering from it. Although there are

So I can make it clear why Seabiscuit is about perseverance I wrote a short review of the film Essay Example

So I can make it clear why Seabiscuit is about perseverance I wrote a short review of the film Essay Example So I can make it clear why Seabiscuit is about perseverance I wrote a short review of the film Essay So I can make it clear why Seabiscuit is about perseverance I wrote a short review of the film Essay This analytical folio is based on the health issue developing life skills, more to the point, perseverance. I chose the movie Seabiscuit to analyse as it is a movie based on perseverance, and this is portrayed by all the characters. I believe perseverance is an important part of everyday life, for everybody, in every task. If we didnt persevere, many tasks would remain uncompleted. The movie, based on the book by Laura Hillenbrand, is a true story, and was released in 2003. There were four producers for this particular movie, Kathleen Kennedy; Frank Marshall; Gary Ross and; Jane Sindell. Gary Ross was also the director. So I can make it clear why Seabiscuit is about perseverance I wrote a short review of the film. Seabiscuit is set in the early 90s during the Depression. In my opinion the central theme of this film is that there have been people from past times who have been brave and courageous enough to accept that their social standings are as underdogs, and have fought to overcome all odds to achieve their goals. The story of Seabiscuit is the tale of four unlikely heroes, Charles Howard (Jeff Bridges), is a wealthy salesman, who suffers both personal and financial losses during the depression. In the shape of his sons tragic death, his divorce and his business going under, he regains hope through a horse and his jockey. Tom Smith (Chris Cooper), is a disciplined, ageing trainer, Johnny Red Pollard (Tobey Maguire), is a quick tempered jockey with various disabilities against him. These include being blind in his right eye, searching for where he belongs as he was given up by his parents as a young child, and later in the movie, coping a shattered leg. The last but not least of these four is Seabiscuit, an undersized horse, who has been mistreated all his life, and also suffers a leg injury during the film. It is the depression and no one escapes the harshness of the times. It is during these bleak days that horse racing quickly gathers momentum, and it is under these circumstances that the four main characters stories entwine. Howard seeks a new business venture in horse racing and hires Pollard as his Jockey and Smith as his trainer. Smith happens along Seabiscuit, a broken horse and narrowly saves him from a bullet, then insists that Howard lets him train the ill tempered horse for racing. Seabiscuit soon becomes the underdog who could, and wins many races. But despite his popularity, Seabiscuit is seen as a cheap novelty by the elite of the East Coast Horse Racing, headed by Samuel Riddle, owner of the triple crown winner War Admiral. Howard gains public favour in order to force Riddle to put his money where his mouth is, and this rapidly grows into a media frenzy. Seabiscuit, the representative of the underdog hopes and dreams and War Admiral, the beneficiary of champion breeding and training, finally race in 1938 at a race course named Pimlico. Before this time, Pollard shatters his leg, and is unable to ride in this race; in fact he is told that he will never ride again. After the race, at Pimlico, Seabiscuit also injures his leg, and Howard is informed that he will never race again. Despite the odds stacked against them, Seabiscuit and Pollard refused to give up. Both Seabiscuit and Pollard slowly rehabilitate each other, and race together again, despite the protests that Howard and Smith voice. The last race in this movie is spectacular, and shows the greatest perseverance that could have been achieved by these characters. Just when it looked like Seabiscuit was beaten in the home stretch, he ducked in between the horses in front and came away with a victory. This film shows how these men and beast overcome incredible odds to achieve their goals. I think that if everybody showed the perseverance that the characters portray, life would be much simpler. They never let anything get them down, and I dare to say that more people than what you would have at any World Series or football grand final today would have attended, and possibly nobody left the track feeling disappointed, but instead full of hope. In our daily lives, we encounter many times when we persevere, even if we dont realise this. When things go wrong, we generally try to find a way to remedy the situation, this is perseverance. Going to work, school or an activity that we attend regularly, even if we dont enjoy it, this is commitment, which shows perseverance. Believing in your dreams, just as the characters in Seabiscuit did is perseverance. Perseverance is a commitment, a dedication to yourself and following through with your actions. Perseverance enables an individual to endeavour in spite of adversity. Perseverance is setting goals and sticking with them, making adjustments if needed, until completed. Just like in the movie, when Seabiscuit and Pollard were told they couldnt go on, they adjusted their goals and finished what they had set out to accomplish. Also the fact that Pollard and Seabiscuit were supporting each other is part of persevering as well. Without support or encouragement, I dont think persevering would be easy. Believing in ones self and your goals, achieving what you set out to do, having courage to achieve what you want to achieve and having encouragement along the way, all play a role in perseverance. The characters in this movie persevered through all kinds of problems by keeping focused on their goals. Everyday, whether it is getting out of bed for work, school or something else, completing tasks that you need to do / want to do, or even just cooking a meal. Having goals and completing the goals, as small as they may seem, is persevering. This movie shows characters persevering through all sorts of hard issues, but not all things we persevere at are hard. Every day, I get out of bed and have breakfast with my son, and then I will sit down with my son to watch a program with him. I then do some homework, maybe start some clothes washing or baking and then it is lunch time. Just in a few hours I have persevered four maybe five times without even knowing. Perseverance doesnt always need to be acknowledged, but if you look close enough at your own life you will probably see a fair amount of persevering. If you look in the mirror, the person you see staring back at you is probably a person who has persevered at some stage. On reflection of the issue of perseverance which is shown in this movie, I have gained the knowledge that in even the simplest task, anybody can persevere. I had never realised that just believing in ones self and your goals is perseverance. I took for granted the tasks which I completed everyday as just mundane tasks, but did not realise that by completing these tasks was persevering. I believe that this movie is based wholly on the health issue of perseverance, as all the characters portrayed persevered through the hard times. I would recommend this move to absolutely anybody as it made me realise, as I am sure others will find, that persevering is a part of everyday life. I believe that this movie was about the relationships people have with each other, and the situations we find ourselves in because of these relationships. I will take with me the knowledge that I am persevering everyday, whether or not I realise it, and that puts a smile on my face.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Microeconomics - Essay Example If a consumer does not have a utility for the good that he or she values at least the same as P1, then the consumer will choose not to purchase that good; i.e., that good is never rationed to that particular consumer or buyer. Rationing by price automatically guarantee that a good will only be purchased by a buyers who value it the most (Prusty, 72-74). If a good was to increase in its price, then buyers or consumers would re-evaluate their utility of the good and so abolish those uses with values which are not at least equivalent to the new, higher price of a good. The second role of price; allocating or sometimes known as signaling, relates to the producers and also resource owners. A higher price of say good X is, in most cases, a signal that the market needs extra output of X and so producers are offered an incentive so as to hire more resources to make X (Samuelson & William, 89-91). Similarly, a lower price for the good X will gesture them to dedicate fewer resources in the production of X. Consequently, in their search for earnings, producers will always respond to changing prices by either decreasing or increasing production as necessary. The demand for any product or service refers to the quantity that buyers or consumers will be willing and ready to buy at any given price. The supply of goods refers to the quantity which suppliers will be ready and willing to transport to the market at any given prices. An increase in demand for a particular service or product tends to exercise an upward pressure on price. That is, whenever the price of a good increases the corresponding quantity that consumer are willing to buy has also increased. Therefore, a decrease in demand means that the price of that good was lowered at some point in time. However, if producers act in response by supplying extra to the market this might then

Software Development Methodology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software Development Methodology - Coursework Example These three approaches would be separately be implemented on the project in question and then a conclusion would be drawn from the comparison of all of these approaches which would lead to the methodology that is the most befitting to the project in question.The project is the development of an electronic library for a client by the company Top Quality Tech Solutions, which is modifiable. The library needs to have a database of electronic documents which the client can change, copy and return to the library. This is the model which is already in use by Top Quality Tech Solutions and has proved to be a successful model for the development of the two projects, thus it would be a natural progression if the model is again used for the current project. The model, if used in the development of the software library, would have positive results because this is the simplest kind of software development methodology out there; it runs on basic common sense and uses orthodox ways to develop the software which would be beneficial in developing the electronic library as it does not involve very complex programming or development. When this model is applied to the electronic library project, the requirements of the client would be seen, the design of the library and the additional options which the client wants in it are chalked out, a software for the library is developed and then verified and then periodic checks are done to see that the project is working as desired. This is the kind of development methodology which makes a prototype or an example project in the beginning so that an idea can be achieved as to how the model would look like when completed (Miles & Pilone, 2008). When applied to the electronic library project, this model could be beneficial because it would be able to show the customer what his project would look like in the long run. To start off, a prototype of the electronic library would be developed on which the rest of the project would be based. Since there are many small requirements of the clients like the viewing of the data from a central repository, consolidation of the data, the checking and checking out of the documents etc, all these requirements can be tested and the best solution out forward. Â  

The Origin Of Man Is The Subject Religion Essay

The Origin Of Man Is The Subject Religion Essay What is man?   asked David in his Psalms thousands of years ago.  It is striking that the relevance of this question has not decreased in the twentieth and twenty first centuries.  Whether a man is only an animal or, maybe, he is just a complex combination of chemical compounds, or, maybe, he is much more than all this, some great creation? The desire to know the history of mans origin is quite natural, as people have not always existed on the Earth.  That is why, the problem of Creation and understanding of human nature is central problem of people of all ages.  This question can be considered from different perspectives: from the standpoint of theology, religion, anthropology, philosophy and history. Views and ideas on the origins of humanity The origin of  man  is the subject of  speculation  since ancient times and  led to the emergence  of  various  myths in different people,  who believed that  the first humans  were created by gods from stones,  animals, etc.  The ancient  Greek thinkers  had different views on the origin of man:  some  believed that man  is eternal, second believed that he was born from marine  sediments.  With  the spread of  Christianity people  accepted the idea that  man was  created  and  inspired  by God. Many people believed  that a man  is  the most highly developed  animal,  the top of  the evolution of the animal  world, he  is mortal,  and  his  life  has no  higher  meaning.  Others believe  that  man  is not  the top,  but  only  a very  selfish  animal  who tends  to  pleasure and enjoyment. So, humans belong to the natural world, until the physical and chemical processes in their body depend on nature.   If we consider the philosophical approach, then we need first to say that in humans there is an element that is above the natural world.  There are different views on this, as, for example, Greek philosophers said this element was mind, and Aristotle proposed a definition of man as a rational animal.  (Stevenson 2004) But  most  important  is  the fact  of  human  consciousness that  elevates  him  above the natural world.  Ã‚  Human consciousness is ascension  of naturalism in the understanding of man, since he is not only a natural being, but also a spiritual being. (Wilson 2004) In the XVIII century, many thinkers (such as Lord Monboddo, Herder, Rousseau, Kant, etc.) suggested the evolution of man from the great apes in savages, and later in modern humans.  In a more clear way this idea was developed by Lamarck in the beginning of the XIX century in his Zoological Philosophy.   Later t theory  of development and evolution  in various  forms  has been  to explain  various scientists. Those who support this theory believe that man was not created by anyone, but occurred in the development of lower organisms.  For example, the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck said that some species of monkeys, under unfavorable conditions of existence, were to descend from the trees and acquired the habit of walking on two feet. Bipedalism led to strong changes of the body, and quadrumanous monkey turned into bipedal, who gradually settled around the Earth. Gradually in new species began to developed the consciousness (Bowler, 2003). The theory of evolution has become one of the most prevalent theories of human origins.  Ã‚  This theory was developed by Ch. Darwin, who introduced the history of development of the organic world of the Earth carried by the interaction of three main factors: variability, heredity and natural selection.  Evolutionary theory suggests that man evolved from apes, being changed under the influence of external factors and natural selection. The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis is supported with a large number of facts paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological, and others.  However, many of these proofs may be interpreted ambiguously, allowing opponents of evolutionary theory to challenge it. Biblical  Creation of  the world The Bible tells that a man was created in Gods will and in accordance with His plan (Gen.1: 26).  In the all-powerful Word of God was hidden a great creative force to create the world, and then a men.  When God created a man he said: Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in His own image, in  The Image Of God  created He him; male and female created He them. (Genesis 1:26-27 KJV) A man was created in a special act, and, unlike the animals, in the image of God, that means a man is intelligent, free, creative and moral personality. Like God, man is gifted with the following qualities: Creativity (Genesis 2:20); The mind and the ability to cognition (Genesis 2 :19-20, Col.1: 9; Rim.12: 2;); Willy (Luk.23: 25; 2Petr.1: 21); The ability to choose and evaluate (Genesis 2: 17; 13:11); The ability to love (Genesis 2: 24). ( McFarland 2009) A man  is the image  and  likeness of  God, is  a spiritual being,  rising  over  the natural  and  social  world,  and  able  to transform it and  dominate  over  it. In Genesis 2 we can  learn more about how  man and  woman were created  : And The Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul And The Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him And The Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and He took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; And the rib, which The Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. (Genesis 2:7,18,21-23) That is,  the biblical  interpretation of  creation of man  is the most  common  that is primarily  due to  the important  role of  religion  in  peoples lives. Biblical  Creation  is very  important for  people, as it  defines the  essence of  man:  Man  is not  just  a body, and  he  was created  in  the image  of  God and for eternal  communion with  God.  This means  that  people are  moral  and  spiritual  creatures with  the ability  to trust,  to choose  to love, etc.  Creation  is the basis  for  our  worship  to God and  His  worship:  Let them praise the  name of the  Lord,  for he commanded, and they were created  (Psalm  148:5).  Thus,  worship  is a gratitude  to the Creator. ( McFarland 2009) At the present  time,  we can  hear  that the question  of creation of humanity is asked rather  strictly: either the  idea of Creation or  the theory of evolution.  However,  such a  statement  seems  incorrect, since  many modern  scholars  note  that the  idea  of Creation  of humanity by God,  the Creator, does not deny  the scientific theories. The religious world does not contradict the scientific, that can be proved by the fact that many prominent world scientists were deeply religious people: for example, Copernicus, Isaac Newton, Mikhail Lomonosov, Pavlov, Albert Einstein.  That is, the science also does not deny the idea of the Creation of humanity by God. Conclusion Each of the ideas, assumptions and theories about the origin of humanity has a right to exist and has its supporters.  Yet, the biblical Creation of the world and man is the most important for people, regardless of their scientific views.  The idea of mans creation by God is the basis of religion and faith of millions of people, the basis of their ideology and view on all the existence of humanity.

The First Red Scare :: American History

Many historians have examined the post-war Red Scare in 1919-1920, but few have explored the continued influence of the anti-red hysteria throughout the 1920s. This second Red Scare was generally more specific in its victimization, targeting mainly the women's peace movement. This opposition to pacifists grew from a post-war conservatism led by right-wing groups. The documents in this study address the question: What groups attacked the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and how did League members respond to the attacks? After World War I many Americans supported a policy of military preparedness, which they hoped would protect the country from any future attack. The National Defense Act of 1920, which originally specified a peacetime army of 280,000 men and a National Guard of 454,000 men, reflected this sentiment.[1] The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) opposed this act. They believed that government policy and spending should be directed towards international arbitration and the promotion of world peace. Their internationalist perspective became the grounds on which nationalist groups denounced the peace movement as an un-American conspiracy of communists, radicals, and socialists. Secretary of War John W. Weeks was the first public figure to initiate the campaign of slander against the women's peace organizations when he began speaking tours around the United States to counteract the WILPF opposition to the National Defense Act. He encouraged other military men to follow his example and many did, including the director of the Chemical Warfare Service, Brigadier General Amos H. Fries. (For more on the Chemical Warfare service and peace activism see another project on this website, Why Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?) In response, WILPF began a policy of sending letters to their accusers, refuting each slanderous claim one by one. Document 2 in this project refutes Fries's claim that WILPF members took an oath against any involvement in war. The Woman Patriot took up the "slacker oath" issue in its pages. Other conservative writers like Fred R. Marvin and R. M. Whitney wrote articles for the magazine that falsely claimed connections between the peace movement and the communist movement, ranking individual members on a color code of radicalism.[2] However, these attacks were not viewed as significantly damaging until the famous Spider-web chart appeared in Henry Ford’s newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1924.

Issues of Group in Iium

[pic] English for Academic Writting LE 4000 Dr. Faridah Abdul Malik Section 50 A Study on IIUM Students on the Issues of Group Workings Saiful Bahri ABSTRACT Under organizational behavior comes group behavior, how individual behave when working in group. This paper examines the posible errors that can be found in tasks done in group. The result showed that some of the errors are done on purpose due to laziness of IIUM students. Although, these students are aware of what causes the problems and what they should avoid to have a free-problem group work but they still manage to do them, either intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, in reminding them, some ground rules and peer assessment should be adapted in each group. Keywords: free-rider, teamwork, miscommunication, and time management. INTRODUCTION Organizational behavior is the study of individuals and the behaviors they have within an organization and in a workplace setting. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management (Organizational Behavior Introduction, Catherwood Library). Group behavior is a part of the organizational behavior in which it falls under the interdiciplinary field of sociolagy, how individual work in small r large groups. Group behaviour differs from  mass actions  which refers to people behaving similarly on a more global scale while group behaviour refers usually to people in one place and having a coordinated behaviors. The members in a group should each be interdependence (depends on other member’s output as well), have social interaction (there should eithe r be verbal or non-verbal communication), have a perception of a group ( agreeing that they are a part of a group) and mush have common in purpose (to achieve the same goal). Working in groups have their advantages, one of them being, having a collective set of ideas. Having many people working on the same work allows the work to get not only your input but also from others in the group. This increases the quality, reliability and validity of the work. Although, problems may arise as well, as individuals have their own behaviors and may not be compatible with other people, and that then will effect the quality of your group work’s output. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the possible errors that can be found in tasks done in groups. In details, the objectives that i want to reach is: 1. to understand how miscommunications can happen in a group among the IIUM students, . to determine whether IIUM students work together when given a group assignment, 3. to understand how time becomes a big constraint when working in groups among the IIUM students. Some terms that may be found in this paper are free-riders, teamwork, miscommunication, and time management. †¢ Free-rider A person that is in a group but not doing any work but still get rewards and benefits from the work done. †¢ Teamwork The collective work that members in a group put in to accomplish the assignment (task/job) that is given to their group. Each one of them gives contribution and work together in harmony in doint the work. Miscommunication When the members are not interacting among each other in doing the work, each are working separately, not knowing the growth of their work and not refereing to one another when one has reached a dead end with their work. †¢ Time management The way that a person manages or allocate their time in doing specific things in terms of whether they are on-time or not. LITERATURE REVIEW Working in groups are complicated because one has to adapt to all behaviors of the group members and if one cannot adapt, problems will start to rise. Some students are used to working alone all the time, therefore they will have difficulties in working in group. They will have to listen to other’s ideas, accept them, know how to interact and so much more. Like what Whatley (2009) said, without experience in group working, it will be hard for students to overcome the problems of working in group in which it will show in the quality output of your group’s work. Although, these students may not have the experience, their group members whom might have some (experience), may teach them or can lead the group knowing what and how to do it. This is the best part of working in groups, the students get to learn from one another. Leaning on one another in the group allows issues to be solved that arises from group work, the students should together come up with some basic rules that each should agree on and follow. If problems are left unsolved or undealt with, it may either grow bigger causing more and more problem but if lucky it would just go away. In either way, the members will be affected as they will feel some tension going around and might not perform as well as they could have. It is possible to go through the motion of a team project exercise and still not learn fundamental lessons about the essence of working in teams, ranging from communication skill to the ability to motivate others (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). In the study of Dunne and Rawlins (2000), Hansen (2006) and Prichard, Stratford, & Bizo (2006) taken by Whatley (2009), it is known that a team project in higher level of education can provide a safe environment for learning about group working, with the help of guidance as a base for them to work on. Ford & Morice (2003), suggests that a micro management strategy should be opted in group assignments that would teach the students about how to act in when in group so that they can prepare themselves for when they enter the workforce. From Chang (1999), in the study, it was found that most students participated well and put effort in the group because they will be assessed by their fellow group members. Therefore, in the ground rules, assessment should be included, too, as Chang (1999) study showed how it motivates the student to perform. Running on ground rules, communication should be highlighted and stressed on it’s importance when working in group. In cases of free-riders or not distributing equal work among the group members, they should voice out and let other members know how you feel about it and how unfair it is for that to happen. They need to communicate amongst themselves and take part in doing the work. Whether the communications are done in all direction, horizontally or vertically, what is important is that it should be clearly communicated and spoken in language and terms that is able to be understood. Not only should communication be put in the ground rule but also the importance of time management. Therefore, as Whatley (2009) said, to ensure trust in the group, they (the group members) should agree on some ground rules and follow them. From Whatley (2009) again, she had mentioned that in gaining consensus among all the group members, a group must have some face-to-face meeting as well as having selecting some ground rules in order to have a clear and ambiguous communication in the group. â€Å"Conflict involves negotiation, whether it resulted in a Win-Lose or a Win-Win outcome. Naturally a Win-Win outcome is preferred. † (Chang, 1999) Free-rider is a serious problem in group work. Students who do not contribute effort and input will effect the other members emotionally, though, most times they do not show. It is very unfortunate that the student still have the decency of wanting their name to be included on submited work. It is all too possible to for students to let others do the heavy lifting of a team project, and yet reap the benefits of the eventual outcome (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). It is possible for high levels of individual accomplishment to go unrewarded, or even punished, as a result of the factors beyong their control (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). Yes, tonnes and tonnes of problems may arise from group work, but it offers some beneficial rewards also. For example, one get to share it’s ideas among the othe groupmates and in turn gets some ideas or feedbacks back from their groupmates. Futhermore, doing work in group eases the workload one has to do if is working alone. In groups, tasks are divided among all members and each are given own responsibilies in the group. From Ford & Morice (2003) findings, they found that even though students frequently encounter problems working in group but they would still prefer to work in group rather than individually. This shows that, eventhough they had problems but having the knowledge and ideas being shared in groups are more important that it can scratch out the negative side of group work to them. After conducting a statistical analysis on the test scores, it was found that students who participated in collaborative learning had performed significantly better on the critical- thinking test than students who studied individually (Gokhale, 1995). RESEARCH METHODOLGY This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of the research is to investigate to investigate the possible errors that can be found in tasks done in groups. To evaluate and assess the student of IIUM, 20 students were selected randomly. Data for the research were collected through questionnaire. This research uses only the quantitative research methodology. The instrument used to collect the data was questionnaire. A set of questionnaire containing 18 questions are divided into 4 sections was newly developed. Different question types, such as, ranking, yes-no, and open-ended were used in the questionnaire. The different sections of the questionnaire were: i) Background , ii) Communication , iii) Team work iv) Time management. The respondents of the study were the undergraduate students of IIUM from different kulliyyahs. On 3rd December 2011, a total of 20 questionnaires were distributed to IIUM students at different kulliyyahs and all questionnaire was returned. Of these number, 11 were male and the rest, 9, were female. No approval was needed in handing out the questionnaires in IIUM. During the actual study, questionnaire were distributed at various locations on campus, such as Economics Cafe’, KENMS, mahallah, HS kulliyyah and etc. Data were entered into the computer and analyzed using excel. Results were presented through frequency counts and other descriptive statistics. FINDINGS From the data collected, 11 of the respondents were male and nine of them were female, in which there were five of them who were 20 years old, two were 21 years old, seven respondents were 22 years old, two respondents were 23 years old and four of them were 24 years old. Most of the respondents are Malaysian, totaling to seven of them and the rest were Singaporean (four), Kyrgyz (three), Vietnamese (three), Indonesian (two) and Siamese (one). Most of the respondents were from Kulliyyah of Economics (six), one were from Kulliyyah of IRK, one from Architecture, one from Law, another one from Education, four being from HS, two were engineering students and the remaining four were from Kulliyyah of ICT. In which four of the respondents were first year students, another four were in their second year, seven being a third year student and five were in the fourth year of studying in IIUM. Figure 1: Student’s thought on group works [pic] Figure 1 shows the percentage of rankings on what students of IIUM think about group works, whether they like it or they prefer to work individually. As seen in the figure above, only 10% did not like working in groups whereas 25% said it was less preferred. 25% ranked them to be neutral on the issue, while another 25% and 15% of the respondents saying it is preferable and most preferable to work in groups, consequtively. Figure 2: Student’s preferred communication method [pic] Table 1: Communication method ranking |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | |Call |0 |0 |3 |8 |9 | |Text |0 |0 |2 |5 |13 | |Email/Chatroom |13 |4 |2 |1 |0 | |Meet |7 |7 |6 |0 |0 | | | | | | | | Although, from Figure 2 and Table 1, the respondents showed otherwise. In Figure 2, comparison between the ‘Most prefered’ and ‘Not prefered’ ranks on the communication method is shown just to have clearer view of those who prefered to work in group and those who do not. The data in the table shows the whole data gathered on about how they really communicate with their groupmates. Figure 3 below shows the percentage on the students’ opinion to why miscommunication happens among their group members, in which most of them said because of misunderstanding, that is misinterpreting what one another is saying. 0% of them said because of language barrier (having hard time to commute in mutual language), 20% said it is because there are lack of meetings and the remaining 15% ticked ‘Others’. Those who ticked ‘Others’ said that because they are not able to accept other’s ideas and views. Figure 3 [pic] Figure 4: Experience with free-riders [pic] Figure 4 is for the section on teamwork. In which this figure shows the number of respondents having experience to grouping with a free-rider. As shown, 11 of them said they have and the rest never had. Apart from that, 35% of the respondents said yes that al l their members assigned the tasks equally, 10% does not and the highest percentage (55%) said only in some of their groups gives equal work and their other group does not. Refering to the questionnaire, Question 13 is similar to question 12, this is to make sure that there is reliability in the respondents’ answers, and there is. Basically, for those who answered that ‘only some of their group give out equal tasks’ (55% being 11 in number) said they were given extra tasks. These datas charts can be refered to in the appendix as Figure 7 and 8. Figure 5: Reason for finishing work late [pic] For the time management section, 15 of the respondents said yes it does take a long time for them to finish only their part. Interpreting that into percentage, 75% said yes (can be refered to Figure 9 in the appendix). Figure 5 above are data from those 75% that answered yes to taking a long period to finish own part, those who answered yes only answer this question. Therefore, seven of them said they are busy with other assignments, five says because the assignment is complicated therefore they need longer time and another three said they are just lazy to do their part earlier. Figure 6: Reasons for late to meetings [pic] In Figure 6, not all 20 respondents are being analyzed on, only thos who answered yes in showing up on-time to group meetings are being analyzed, that is 60%, the other 40% does not come on-time. For a better picture, this data is graphed into Figure 10 in the appendix. Moving on, most of these respondents said they come late because they are busy with other things, four of them said they do not like to be on-time, another four said things always comes up during those times and five of them do nont normally check the time therefore it is either their luck that they came on-time or not. Apart from asking about the respondents coming on-time, from the collected data none of the respondents’ other groupmates comes early to all meetings, but 7 said their group came early to most meetings, ten said their members came early to some of the meetings and the remaining three said none of them ever came early. DISCUSSION Under the communication part, it can be seen that with 20% respondents saying lack of meetings leads to miscommunication and not almost but all respondents agreed that the best communication method would be meetings. With that, looking at what they answered for the rest of communication part’s question, knowingly that face-to-face meetings are crucial, most of them only communicate through emails and chatrooms leaving with only seven respondents who actually is walking the talk (doing the meetings). This is supported by Whatley (2009), she had mentioned that in gaining consensus among all the group members, a group must have some face-to-face meeting as well as having selecting some ground rules in order to have a clear and ambiguous communication in the group. Miscommunication happens when they meet less, have language barrier, misunderstand one another, and being unable to accept what others have to say. These seven respondents sees the importance of ‘teamwork’ in accomplishing group works, therefore, they have them. From the analysis, the IIUM students have the awareness on the importance of having quality communication but somehow they are lazy in actually doing the things that would increase their communication’s quality. By having this meet-ups, all miscommunication can be overcome, even with language barrier, (if and only if the group members do not keep quiet about how they feel and what problems they ecounter with the group or task being assigned) when they have meet-ups and talk out their problems, and making sure each and every members understands the task they are being assigned. One of this paper’s research objective is to determine whether the IIUM students work together in their group, the obvious data that is graphed into Figure 8, shows that 55% of the respondents had been given extra tasks. From the datas gathered it can be seen that there are still those who free-rides on group assignment. Up to 11 respondents have had free-riders as their group member and all of the respondents said their group members would care if there was a free-rider in the group. Free-riders do not do any work, therefore when a free-rider exist in a group, tasks are not being allocated equally among all members as some of them have to do the task that was assigned to the free-rider. Proving this by the 55% of respondents saying yes that in some groups only that tasks were being distributed equally, other way of looking at it is that some does not distribute equally and another 10% said none of their group ever equally distribute them. Obviously, all members would not know that there is a free-rider until reaching to the compilation date, in which the free-rider do not have any work to send and would be giving excuses for it instead of doing it, and those members who care so much for the assignment would be doing the free-rider’s part of the work. Here are some statements to prove this. It is all too possible for students to let others do the heavy lifting of a team project, and yet reap the benefits of the eventual outcome (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). It is possible for high levels of individual accomplishment to go unrewarded, or even punished, as a result of the factors beyond their control (Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). Looking at the time management aspect of the IIUM students, they are very undisciplined in finishing and submiting their part to other member, with a 75% of the respondents says they are usually late. Making their reasons to be because they are busy with other things, the assignment is complicated, and some even said they are just too lazy to get it done early. These students with this mentality (lazy to get assignment done early) are bad to be having in a group because they like to do things at the very last minute and with constraint in time, quality of work production would definitly not reach the standard. Although, in terms of being on-time at meetings, these respondents showed otherwise. Majority of them are on-time meaning that they do have time management under control. In some aspects the IIUM students are good with time management and in some they are bad. As proven by Chang (1999), in her study, she found that most students participated well and put effort in the group because they will be assessed by their fellow group members. In the peer assessment form, how each member manages their time in coming to meetings or submiting work on-time, should be included as this will motivate the students to manage their time better. CONCLUSION This study investigates the posible errors that are found in group work. It includes a bit on the importance of teamwork, how to overcome the issues and why the issues rise in the first place. The objectives of this study is to understand how miscommunications can happen in a group among the IIUM students, to determine whether IIUM students work together when given a group assignment, to understand how time becomes a big constraint when working in groups among the IIUM students. In overall, the findings shown that the IIUM students know the importance of group work, how to eliminate problems and so on so forth but they still do not do the things that will cut out problems. Like in time management, the respondents know that that should be one of the things to be disciplined on but still they do not submit or come on-time due to valid reasons or simply because they are lazy. All the communication, team work and time management are crucial issues that are linked to each other in a certain way. The IIUM students have to overcome the miscommunication problems because when working real jobs later, it is crucial to have a smooth flow of communication amongst all members, because work cannot be completed with quality without communication. Therefore, these students have to start training themselves from now so that it would not affect them later in working life. Without communication, there would be no team work. Without teamwork, tasks are harder to be accomplised bacause the reason they are being given to work in groups because it would create a better work outcome having variety of ideas coming from each members and that it would quicken up the complition time of the assignment because tasks are divided. Therefore, serious actions should be taken on free-riders because they create dissatisfaction among all the other members in which will lead to stress and tension among the members. Some ideas on how to iradicate some of the group work problems as were shown in Chang (1999), in which peer assessments were done on each group members, in which they have to be honest and truthful about each comment. As for the limitations that were encountered in finishing this research, in which there were not many, searching for articles and journals to do reviews on was a bit of a fuss. To find the ones that are compatible and having some point being similar to this research was difficult, although successfully, some was found. APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE The data to be collected will be used for academic purposes under the subject LE 4000, strictly. Background 1. Gender:( ) Male( ) Female 2. Age:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. Nationality:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. Kulliyyah:( ) Economics ( ) IRK( ) HS( ) Architecture ( ) Engineering( ) ICT( ) Law( ) Education 5. Level of study:1/2/3/4 Communication For Q6 & Q7, rank them with these; 5 = most prefered, 4 = prefered, 3 = neutral, 2 = less prefered, 1 = not prefered 6. With you working in groups are:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Your communication method:( ) Call( ) Text( ) Email/Chatroom( ) Meet 8. Which do you think is the best communication method? (Among the methods given in Q8) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. In your opinion, why miscommunication happen? ( ) Lack of meeting( ) Language barrier( ) misunderstanding( ) Others Specify others: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Team work 10. Have you had any free-rider as a groupmate? ( ) Yes( ) No 11. Does your other groupmates care that there is a free-rider/s in the group? ( ) Yes( ) No 12. Do you and your groups equally distribute the work? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) In some groups, yes 13. Have you ever been given extra task to do in the group? ) Yes( ) No Time management 14. Does it take a long time to finish your part of your group assignment? ( ) Yes( ) No 15. If you answered ‘Yes’ to Q15, why so: ( ) Busy with other assignment( ) Complicated assignment ( ) Too lazy to get it done early 16. Are you always on-time for your group me etings? ( ) Yes( ) No 17. If you answered ‘No’, why so: ( ) Don’t keep track of time( ) Busy with other things ( )Things always come up( ) Don’t like to come early 18. How many of your groupmates usually come on-time to group meetings? ( ) All( ) Most( ) Some( ) None Thank you for your time. Figure 7: Equal work distribution pic] Figure 8: Extra task given [pic] Figure 9: Needs long time to complete task [pic] Figure 10: On-time to meetings [pic] REFERENCES Whatley, J. (2009). Ground Rules in Team Projects: Findings from a Prototype System to Support Student. Journal of Information Technology Education, 8, 161-176. Ford, M. & Morice, J. (2003). How Fair are Group Assignments? A Survey of Students and Faculty and a Modest Proposal. Journal of Information Technology Education, 2, 367-378. Gokhale, A. A. (1995). Collaborative Learning Enhances Critical Thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1). Chang, V. (1999). How can conflict within a group be manage d? In K. Martin, N. Stanley and N. Davison (Eds),  Teaching in the Disciplines/ Learning in Context, 59-66. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Teaching Learning Forum, The University of Western Australia, February 1999. Wolfe A. M. (n. d. ). Student Attitudes toward Team Projects. Organizational Behavior. http://www. ilr. cornell. edu/library/research/subjectguides/organizationalbehavior. html Group Behavior. Wikipedia. 10 November 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Group_behaviour Nishan Wimalachandra. Organizational Behavior. www. nishanw. org Jex, S. M. ,& Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioners Approach. Wiley; 2 Edition.