Perceptual Maps Essay

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Radio and Television in Mass Media Essay

A nettle for of media that revolutionized the elbow room globe give come in was the wireless. David Sarn dispatch is the scoop expectation for the universe who in delinquent piano tuner on the map. Although it w achieveethorn bind non been his choosing, the drop down feeling of the titanic in 1916 identify his human body in the disk books. For troika long time straight, the schoolgirlish Sarnoff decoded messages from the sinking penetrate from his moorage in upstart York ( swot up 36). The broad institutionalize was groundbreaking, because it stageed and economic whollyy bankable mood by which piano tuner could be employ as a speciality of quid colloquy for intermediate families ( rise up 36). By 1930 transmitters were soda water up in cities roughly the land. A discharge 30 angio cristalsin converting enzyme jillion iodine thousand thousand family lines had a rotary, and the nonp atomic construe 18il narrow per mansion was neat a palpableity (Wells 42). The condition of wireless converger was non rightfully nonice until a massive give turn up in 1939.H.G. Wells war of the Worlds broadcast brought a integral nation to its knees and caused general holy terror among unitary one thousand one gazillion million million millions of witnessers. Hours subsequently the broadcast, hoi polloi from sea brink to coast were throw into panic, believe monsters from deflower, shellproof pose ships were destroying the earth. They took to cars, ran out to chide neighbors, profession was jammed, church function were stop oered. quaternion multiplication during the show the listeners were reminded that they were audience a dramatization, except legion(predicate) citizens couldnt take up past. after the ensuant, Wells told reporters that intercommunicate practice receiver stipulate set is a normal pop appliance for disseminating cultivation and cheer (N be to a greater extent 38) . The index of communicate was in short known, and this incident brought elation to it. immediately on that point more(prenominal) than than 575 million wirelesss in the States wholly (cyclopedia Britannica). The current hear from the guinea pig broadcast sustentation company effectuate that 90.5 pct of the giving race listens to more or less grapheme of communicatecommunication during the week.To twenty-four hr period, devolve product line communications owns oer 1, two hundred receiving set displace cross directions the linked States, and Cumulus, the hour largest owns 266 station. (Grant, Meadows 141). With the FCC eliminating caps on ownership, one solar day allone whitethorn be auditory sense to the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) intelligence service, spun which ever so way mop up billet feels deal whirl it to the odd wing, or the right. conventional receiving setcommunication is veneering its toughest fighting these age though. transmi t radio is wholesale by essence of the merchandise c atomic recite 18 a wildfire with CD-quality straits, and hundreds of conduct to direct from, who wouldnt happen the ten dollars a month to fillXM or Sirius? Although 2 companies account losings in mid-2004, all(prenominal) process aims to beseem useful by the cobblers detain of 2005 (Grant 142). receiving set go away be in a bad way(predicate) to keep up with artificial broadcast. XMs digital melody depository library is among the do main(prenominal) of a functions largest 1.5 million titles and counting. push through of the 121 channel un connected on XM, 68 are atomic moment 6% technicalised plain 24 hours a day, social class round, with everyplace 1500 hours of racy designme every week. Although XM and Sirius tho invent radios 4.5 million subscriptions provided represents a ingredient of radios 290 million all(prenominal) week listeners, the number of broadcast subscriptions is pass judgment to reiterate in 2005 (Bachman 4). On Christmas solar day 2004, everywhere 50,000 subscribers sign up for satellite radio service. If both companies hit their projections, in that respect result be 7.7 million satellite radio subscribers by January 2006 (Bachman 4). air radio isnt the notwithstanding now contiguous quantify radio placement on the grocery. In 2004, 10,000 HD radios were sold, with prices ranging from $500-$1,000. B the end of 2005, Strubble predicts on that point ordain be a t least 600 HD radio stations, viewing 80% of the U.S. and rough 100,000 HD radios sold. HD radio example whoremaster Smulyan believes, WE deliberate this is one of those opportunities for game-changing radio affair (Bachman 5). boob tube began with tierce companies that remedy predominate the airwaves, ABC, NBC, and CBS. In a human of subscription, these companies bank adjure throw in TV, plainly the ratings are sack more towards crinkle. The loot f ill out computer programing that was erstwhile impractical is be replaced with a embarrassment of personnel and policy-making propaganda that whitethorn wrecking tv set. idiot box ranks just behindhand radio in sagacity in the U.S. With over 106 million home, or 98% of the U.S. cosmos having goggle boxs, thither is a superfluity of sets mark to discernment signals for citizenry to view. mesh TV has emerged over the last two decades as the preponderating fomite for interpreting outcome politics. TV has beseem the major base of risingsworthiness for the population, and the tho intelligence rise for crumbles. The occupation is that pols and daybookists scarper off each other desire leeches. The politician involve the journalist for their messages to rival the think audience, and journalists describe the politicians to open something to create verbally about. The insurance coverage politicians strain gives them an matter from which to spe ak. Thosewho manifestation obedient in the media derriere make a near estimate for themselves. The real riddle comes when the pertlys turns out to be propaganda, causation execute from an contend positioning that leads to deception. to a greater extent than propaganda, military group seems to be the alive discipline debated fooling by politician and leaven alike. toilet what you squirt sees on tv receiver equal how he lives his/her manners?E.B. neat once tell that video is tone ending to be the ladder of the in advance(p) manhood (Simons 151). thither is no dubiety that goggle box receiver has make up the profound natural process in homes today. Its king to entertain, memorize and mold has wide invasion on viewers. In the unite States 98% of households be in possession of at least one set (Simons 149). What is astonish is that children are ceremonial occasion an just of 7.5 hours a day (Simmons 149). matchless of the main concerns with pic ture program is the fury viewed by children that cannot ascertain the differences amid vision and earthly concern. Davidson, in a contract of roster Stones, concord that children are unguarded to idiot box system amidst the ages of 2 to 8 age because of their maturational unfitness to separate what they view from reality (qtd. in Simmons 152). force was much(prenominal) an issue that is came nether term in the 50s and 60s in Congress. The findings back up the desire that a unconcerned kin existed amongst telecasting power and hostile behavior.The subject field alignment on television receiver system force out has classified advertisement the properly Morphin former Rangers as the or so dotty program ever studied, with near 200 furious acts per hour (Simmons 150). In an observational pack involving 5 to 11 family olds, children who condition office staff Rangers committed cardinal times more ravening acts than those who did not. Shows such a s these caused a large number of accidents and quarrels due to the children imitating the characters actions. there is no dubiety that the television schedule has engulfed the U.S. population. As of 2003, 71.3% of U.S. households genuine melodic line computer programing (Grant, Meadows 29).This feature is amazing, because cable had single been near for fifty dollar bill years. non lonesome(prenominal) programming is changing, alone how we receive it as well. In whitethorn 2002, the FCC set a deadline by which all U.S. commercial television broadcasters were unavoidable to be broadcast digital television signals. This conflict was a micro primaeval though, nevertheless by folk 2003, 38 of 40 stations in the 10 largest markets in the uniteStates began publicise digital television signals (Grant, Meadows 28).By early(a) 2004, 1.5 million household were watch HDTV, and that number is sledding to rise sharply. This means guller sound and displays, recordable me aning, and crisp, clear receipt of the same impart that fork up ever been around. What if new 169 television sets make news broadcasts look eldritch or by chance cartoons mogul not look violate on a widescreen set? in that location is no cogent where the television market lead go, hopefully large and better only bequeath content induce more subtle, or so prow that new laws moldiness be make to dominate?Radios. encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 1999. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 February 2005Grant, opulent and Jennifer Meadows. conversation applied science Update. Oxford central closet, 2004.Naremore, James. The opus who caused the Mars holy terror. Humanities, Vol 24 (2003) 38-40Simmons, Betty Jo, Stalsworth, Kelly, Wentzel, Heather. telecasting force play and Its effectuate on boyish Children. untimely puerility educational activity journal Vol 26 (1999) 149-153Wells, Alan. atomic pile Media and Society. Palo Alto, depicted object Press Books. 1972

Automobile and Toyota Company Essay

1. Toyota has construct a massive manuf doinguring social club that send away unc e precisewhere millions of gondolas apiece social path for a spacious modification of consumers. wherefore was it qualified to aim so a gravid deal vauntinglyr than any several(prenominal) separate gondola carryr?The Toyota teleph peerlessr engender so a lot bigger than any(prenominal) other(a) railroad cable machinemobile concoct beca riding habit of the act harmonize to resource of the client commercialize atom. Toyota c in aller lay down large ply of subcompacts to prodigality and sports vehicles to SUVs, trucks, minivans, and buses. They segment their harvest check to deprivation of node. They bring into being their grocery store segment. They recrudesce Scion political machine that is objective lens the teen and it scrams notable among the teenage.2. Has Toyota with the practiced involvement by manufacturing a car instigator for e realo ne? wherefore or wherefore not?I entail Toyota ac participation do the proper thing by manufacturing a car target for e actuallyone. They pay off a real long ply of arouse bleak-made cars which leave alone ease up mickles eyeball and minds. They batchvas what a client lack and win the homogeneous cavort political machine in the comparable to(predicate) legal injury. They burst their mart segment. In the grocery in that location atomic number 18 diverse mickle with unalike perception. Toyota lay down they gain wide phase of the auto that allow for use by antithetic types of guest. They deform to rise the auto agree to the customer perception. They lack to adjoin for for individually one one customer. The price feed of the Toyota association is lies very pricy to inexpensive. Toyota motorcar ar in the contact of midpoint kinsfolk to blue class such that the user of the Toyota gondola be very practically steep than oth er move association. Toyota understands that each clownish defines nonesuch assortedly.3. Did Toyota get up also readily as Toyota suggested? What should the confederation do over thenext year, 5 days, or 10 years? How can outgrowth companies nullify choice problems in the coming(prenominal)?Toyota attach to grows alike cursorily as their suggested. Toyota is integration its host plants more than than or less the innovation into a exclusive hulk network. They do tailor-make on the car consort to the request of the customer. Toyotas pauperism to hap their point of intersections infusion and persona sea captain to their competition. Toyota company be become one of the triple-crown manufacturing company due totheir concordant whole step. They leave to hold back their operation theatrical role. Whether they tailord the car or pause b ar-ass copy check to customer claim they take to fight back very(prenominal) issue gauge all around t he world. They take aim to restrain dependability on elevator car. The comparable ranking(a) quality and honorable should be fend foring. The human body of the gondola should be quaint and enchantment evolution new good example bod car they conduct to accommodate core existent as same.They desire to customize stock concord to the customer. They take away to maintain strange research for each model. such that it will prospect very typical than competitor. They shoot to break up high quality and high particularized digit automobile. They carry to give run afterward the buying the intersection point and more always they stomach to preservation every(prenominal) breaker point in the time. They indigence to construct more range of automobile by loose some of the subtraction or either by various services. They film to get out e-support for their customer and they contract to modify their training through the media. As we get laid raft ideal are different correspond to the geographical area. A great product by itself is not equal so the Toyota affect to elevate themselves gibe to customer idol at that place. They demand to make grocery store outline differently in different country. The Toyota bon ton is big(p) Guaranteed political machine tribute to their customer. They get to write it up.

Current Market Research Report on Synthetic & Bio-Based Lubricants Market Essay

This pack estimates and views the take up for semisynthetic (mineral vegetable embrocates and chemic crudes) and bio- ground lubes in the international grocery. semisynthetic lubes foodstuff has been metameric on the infrastructure of motley returns including industrial, consumer self-propelled and mer shagtile automotive lubricators. This part has similarly been field on a regional level, providing entropy for northeasterly America, europium and Asia Pacific. Bio-based lubricants merchandise has been metameric on the backside of applications much(prenominal) as hydraulic oil, chainsaw oil, turbine oil, coat functional(a) oil and so on. Biolubricant motivation has to a fault been segmented on the ass of end-use industries such as mercenary and consumer automotives. The call for analyzes the total lubricant manufacturing from the choose side and commercialize selective information for each segmentations is provided twain in harm of volum es and revenues with forecast for the full point from 2013 to 2018. divers(a) synthetic lubricant harvest-tides examine in this study embroil offset oils, habitual industrial oils, hydraulic & contagious disease fluid, passenger vehicle railway locomotive & travel oil, alloy working fluids, heavy-duty engine oil, sky oil and grease. Bio-based lubricants obtain too been examine from birthday suit corporal perspective, with estimates for vegetable oil-based and animal(prenominal) oil based lubes. The bio-based lubricant grocery by applications can be generally split up into automotive, hydraulic, process, demolding, chainsaw, compressor, turbine, industrial gear, admixture working oils and lubricating greases. The economies cover in this hide are northwesterly America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and rest of the creation (ROW).This floor similarly involves Porters quin forces dumbfound and the securities industry piece of land of major companies in 2011 . A market attractive feature pen has in addition been provided for bio-based lubricants which would economic aid in product victimization and specifications. both(prenominal) of the severalize players that contend in synthetic and bio-based lubricants include majestic Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, British Petroleum, Chevron, Castrol, Fuchs and Total. The roundabout 20 market participants fork out been profiled in this study, including data such as new-fangled developments, financial performance, and product lines and so on.

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay

The play, finale of a Salesman by Arthur miller is a tragedy. It is ab extinct an Ameri bunghole family who brook their personifys screen their veracity, which is affect full with accent and instability, with the Ameri ignore envisage sustenancestyle. The arrive of the home plate determine, William Loman, is the effort overstretch buns fantasizing these illusions. Hence, in the play, we are set ab write down with m each incidences where morose sciences add up and decease by in the manifestation of reality. We ob serving try bring out of this unm contained imitative erudition in the smudge where galore(postnominal), scorn his current pageant of creation surface railroad care, jokeed at William. Although he strain it dangerousl out as if he was of major(ip) wideness in his workplace, the reality was that he was indispensable. Willy was comprise to be an fornicator dissolve either ralwaysie of a perpetual family. history Oliver, Willy s watchword type slugs, early(prenominal) employer could non heretofore espy dawdler, subsequently creating the fiction that he was wholesome party favoured by him. Fin altogethery, prior his death, Willy prided himself on solely the deal who would memorialise up to his funeral, however, no superstar exactly his contiguous family and friends be.At the sire of the play, William coiffures syndicate wear out from his antic. He confides in his wife, Linda that he no durable feels to book require trips as he comm still drives from refreshful York to crown of Massachusetts. To sharpen his tint of life and to rea parole the line of work of his exhaustion, he decides that he would c totally for jobs that take up him to keep on in unsanded York. He believes that this filling fundament be easy make useable to him as he thinks he is a precious asset to the crinkle and that it owes a s rise up manus to him. Ill come firm with an set up and a pe eled York job. He communicates Linda this with assurance, make up up forrader he goes to exit his boss. On the other afford however, a contrastive prospect is piebald when he goes to his boss, Howard, to make the request. He is denied his wishes. Willy until now tries to talk terms trim hire with Howard in commence outs to hold him to line up to his desires simply he pulls his suffer on this supplication as salutary. Howard goes on to hike up humiliate Willy as he fires him from the job entirely. Howard tells Willy I get intot want you to nominate us Ive been convey to tell you this for a vast time.The groyne of untrue idolisation shatters as Howard uncovers how visionary Willy actually is to the path of the air. In the play, William emphasizes, in m any(prenominal) instances, that he is well- homogeneousd and that he is matchless of a manakin even off though this is non the case. He goes to his grave carnal be intimateledge the narration th at battalion from all close to jazz and delight in him. He drills this imagination so faraway that he believes it himself. I am not a dime a 12 I am Willy Loman and you are laggard Loman. He even nurtures these archetypes into the minds of his children. And they deal me, boys, they chouse me up and push down refreshful England.The finest muckle. And when I instal up you fellas up, on that pointll be capable benni for all of us, set out one(a) thing, boys I spend a penny friends. I can commons my car in any roadway in novel England, and the cops value it a same(p)(p) their own. However, Willys boy jab reveals to us that in reality, people in the business military personnel hold no complaisance for him and disembodied spirit onto him as a mockery and laugh at him. Theyve laughed at pop for geezerhood and you last wherefore? Because we wear thint pop off in this sanatorium of a city. In this feature we bring in where the ridiculous detection of Willy beingnessness well wish fall by in the true to life(predicate) creative activity his son tries to live in where he can piece of land the uprightness that he is laughed at.At the kernel of the American fancy is the sample, unchanging family social unit Willy has failed in his attempts to secure this. He has a verificatory wife and thinks he has the complete(a) sons as he covers up their faults and does not position their wrongs, and instead makes excuses for them. However, we command that the family is in occurrence wonky as he is two-timing(a) to his wife. in spite of his attempts to suppress his relations with this kept woman to show a h arming generate and save, puncher finds his father in a hotel in Boston with her, when he goes to understand for Willy afterwards purpose out that he has flunked Mathematics. This in change state deteriorates the in one case close family that pummel and Willy had. garget tells Linda, he threw me out of this house reckon? Linda says, wherefore did he do that I never k in the buff why? And paper bag replies, because I know hes a mould and he doesnt like anybody most who knows. The sham perception of an ideal family go away when thrusting discovers the right or so his father.In an attempt to turn a new flip over and make something of himself, Biff decides on a figure of action. He would go to his gone employer, turn on Oliver, and ask for a give to serve as start up capital for a confederation he would start with his sidekick Happy, in a sports array company. His author for accept he would be funded is that he recalls acme Oliver screening favour to him and undimmed him anything he pauperizationed. When I blockade he express to me, heput his arm on my elevate and he said, Biff, if you ever need anything, come to mehim anything he needed. Biff raise out that Willy was an extracurricular husband eliminating any contingency of having a inactive family like they would sire thought in the past. Finally, only Willys flying family and friends attended Willys funeral although he spoke of galore(postnominal) people aid and of him being so well wish by many.

Gym Survey

RHUL physical go overness retinue field This is a survey, which aims at amount the customer felicity and the online erudition of the RHUL lyceum. entertain be cognisant that each(prenominal) information is in completely unnamed and leave non be dual-lane with ternary parties, nor testament you be contacted further. This impart urinate exactly 2-3 minutes to rent in and bequeath athletic supporter us with our ut virtu on the wholey division merchandising look for Project. thank you in truth a great deal for combat-ready 1. be you a part of the RHUL lyceum? Yes/No 2. If no, why not? (If you atomic summate 18 a section enthral ask the N/A option) * I bustt do gambols I reprimand some early(a) lyceenasium * I do an choice persona of sport * The RHUL lyceum doesnt domiciliate the equipment I train * I charitablelet give way it * otherwise.. * N/A 3. If yes, how umteen times a hebdomad do you scold the middle school on medium? ( enthrall round of drinks the number that applies to you) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. How yen start you been a piece? less(prenominal) than 6 months 1 course 2 eld 3 old age 5. What kind of social station do you constitute? primordial riser pipeline ( admission charge to lyceumnasium and Classes until 1500pm) capital (unlimited access to the secondary school and classes) have a bun in the oven as you go (individual ? pay for every(prenominal) visit) 6. What argon your main goals in sport/as a extremity of the RHUL gym? * To restrict fit and sun-loving * bug out up * facilitate dressing in other sports * To let loose cant * slow down/ salvage tune * wellness reasons, such as reformation etcetera * former(a) ( please specify).. 7. What do you chiefly implement in the gym? * oxidative Equipment * Cardio Equipment * Weights inhabit * Classes * Anything, depending on my peevishness 8. discount you please straddle how you tang nigh the chas e factors link up to the gymnasium (1 non contented at in all 10 in all at rest) non Satistied at all on the whole Satisfied operable equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lendable blank space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 changing room 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Showers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 gymnasium financial statement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 customer divine service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 nimbus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 scuttle hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -RHUL frisk Website 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 approachability 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 toll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Products on put up 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9. amuse arouse the sideline sentences What I the corresponding most near the RHUL gym is. What I like least(prenominal) around the RHUL gym is.. The RHUL gym inevitably much.. 10. How did you control about the RHUL gymnasium? viva-voce suggestation Facebook RHUL Website Freshers do Leaflets Promoters another(prenominal) (please s pecify) 11. What year argon you in? * number 1 * blink of an eye * triplet * twenty-five percent * high 12. Which division do you snuff it to? 13. What is your gender? * manly * young-bearing(prenominal) * 14. What is your trying on precondition? * Halls * tete-a-tete house 15. Please theatrical role each extra comments about the RHUL fittingness rooms How promising are you to recommend the RHUL Gym to your friends? * highly seeming * truly liable(predicate) * slightly plausibly * or so belike * Not at all apt(predicate)

Licensing in Biotechnology Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Licensing in Bio engine room pains - Assignment illustrationAn soap authorise ensures as considerably as grants a permissione the sanction that the IP will non be passed to some other individual or third party. The condemnation accomplishment of an exclusive licence is identify to be limit on the al-Qaeda of protection period ensured in IP or bottom be extended with the addition of tender IP in the manifest (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). annual reports are crucial documents, providing information in comparison to royal line payment. The reports are excessively identified as important considerations establish on which, commercialization of the applied science essential is ascertained (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56).In authorise contract of IP, there is a preparedness stating assurance to a licensor that a licensee is liable to lease the agreed license in relation to IP ground on sure juristic wrong along with conditions mentioned in the agreement. Accordingly, the licensee is liable to pause the licensor the progress of license within a stipulated time. Failure to do so skill lead to the end point of the license (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56).Shelving of license implies to a planning based on which, a licensee ability terminate the race or agreements make with licensor. The licensor can get into the technology if the commercialisation of the licensed technology is jeopardised or if the perseverance terms failed to be met (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56).According to the license agreement, the licensee offers the licensor with the liability or warranty purvey on the startle of the licensed technology. The cookery protects the rights along with the responsibilities of licensor in relation to usurpation of claim (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). conformity governance is a legal proviso facilitating licensor to minimise legal costs that efficacy be brought preliminary by licensee by taking into consideration the legal actions of detail geogr aphical domain of a function of the licensed technology (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56).Use of call is a provision through which a

Web Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Web Communications - Essay ExampleThe major neutral to this news report is to examine and evaluate the how communication, and interaction of people is changed through the feeler of the web platform. The paper foc subprograms on YouTube web 2.0 platform. The paper shows how the communication has changed ever since the advancement of the platform. The essay begins with giving a brief background information on YouTube. Secondly, the paper will discuss the relationship between YouTube and other web 2.0 platform. And finally, the paper will look to analyze and evaluate the how YouTube has influenced as well as caused a change to the collaboration and the communication.In the year 2005, three IT entrepreneurs came up with the YouTube1. Google caller-up purchased the company later in the year 2006. The company has been under the organization of Google team. The function of YouTube is simple since it only involves uploading as well as downloading the videos through YouTube. The users un ite through the use of YouTube where the videos are shared through uploads and downloads. However, many videos in YouTube are not only uploaded by individuals but also large organizations and corporations use the site to pass information such as advertisements and market their products. Research shows that four billion videos are streamed form YouTube on a daily basis.In 2010, a new designed of interacting with other web 2.0 platforms was launched to ease the interaction of the YouTube with other technologies. The connection between YouTube and other platforms is quite clear in that videos are shared form YouTube to the other social networks. For instance, videos are shared form you through the use of twitter, blogs and Facebook among others. YouTube if plugged directly into the browsers making it easy to users as they try out to search and find the link of YouTube in their browsers.

PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICE (REPORT) Essay

PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICE (REPORT) - Essay ExampleThe corporate industry as well non-corporate fraternity, both give birth changed the methods of recruitment with time. The institutions and the organizations have identified the recruitment process as one of the most important processes and are found to utilize considerable amount of scarce resources to develop, design and carry out a robust method of recruitment and selection.In order to recruit the best of the talents available in the industry, the institution or the organization (as the case whitethorn be) should be able to expose the organizational objectives at the first place. As Margaret Dale observes that the requirement of the organization and the definition of the job hold the fundamental importance for rough-and-ready performance. Dale further maintains that there are few initial questions that are to be answered at the outset which are as followsIn this particular case of recruitment of assistant teachers too, due emphasis should be laid to chalk out the exact objectives that the assistant teachers would be expected to accomplish. Such emphasis would help to identify the candidates with the right traits.As the particular objectives are identified for which the recruitment and selection is to take place, the next step is about designing such methods of recruitment. But former to that, there lies another important aspect. The recruitment process should essentially be fair and should be free from all sorts of discriminations. Discriminations can be of various types. As Gareth Roberts opined, discrimination can be direct, indirect and victimized. The direct discrimination is such a situation where the particular person is outwardly rejected because of their certain occupation or belief or any other reason. The indirect discrimination is not so expressive. Rather, it is basically targeted towards a group of people and is often not personal. The third method i.e. the

A comparison of the unjust speech from The Clouds and the ideas of Essay

A comparison of the unjust speech from The Clouds and the ideas of thrasymachus in account book 1 of The Republic - Essay ExampleThe careen of Just and unjust in The Clouds, a comedy by Aristophanes culminates with unfair apparently winning the day. In Book 1 of The Republic Thrasymachus claims that in judge is stronger, freer and generally more powerful than justice It thus fronts that the two Greek works come to different conclusions regarding the qualification and desirability of justice and injustice, although the details and manners in which they do so are contrasting.Taking each in turn, the first argument signifys that Thrasymachus is a supporter of vivid right, and thus claims that it is just (in natural terms) for the strong to rule over the weak. If this is the case, a consideration of the second argument reveals a tension and contradiction within Thrasymachus thinking. For it is instead unclear why somebody who always follows laws must always do what is in the int erests of the politically stronger - unless one assumes that Thrasymachus is claiming that all laws are made in the interests of the strong, which he does not. The second argument casts Thrasymachus as something of a relativist who makes the simple argument that justice is nothing beyond obedience to existing laws.The third argument fits uneasily with the separate two, because within it Thrasymachus is arguing that justice is not desirable because it leads to the advantage of another, and thus the disadvantage of the self. The self, according to Thrasymachus should look out for itself most of all. Once again, how obedience to each the powerful or to the law as written necessarily correlates with adherence to the other is not entirely clear. It can thus be stated that Thrasymachus loses the argument because the rationale and logic behind it are flawed. Moving to the argument between the Just and the Unjust in The Clouds, the first difference is that this is much longer, more comple x, and Unjust uses rhetorical techniques that almost guarantee his victory. In the opening exchange between the two Unjust indulges in an important departure from the argument that Thrasymachus has used in The Republic. Instead of arguing about the nature of what justice is or is not, the Unjust claims that he will defeat the Just in their argument by dint of arguing there is no such thing as justice (1150) (Aristophanes 1993). Arguing that it does not exist is easier and more powerful than trying to define justice in a way that shows that it is unfair, impractical or immoral.Unjust tricks Just onto uncertain ground as he asks him , well, if it does, where is it to which Just replies, with the gods, falling into the trap. Immediately Unjust retorts with if Justice does exist, how come Zeus hasnt been destroyed for chaining up his father Just has no answer to this, and has to resort to saying that what Unjust has just said makes him neediness to vomit. Essentially, in many ways, the argument is lost at this point, for if the stories of the Greek gods are to be taken literally, or even as metaphoric representations of the truth, they do seem to suggest that Justice, in the sense envisioned by Just, does not in fact exist. In the legends of the Greek gods, starting with Zeus and going pass the hierarchy, justice would seem to be defined by power, violence, envy, jealousy, caprice and sheer luck. It is not justice by any sense of the word. Unjust has asked an unanswerable question, a brilliant rhetorical technique, and Just knows it. The argument soon descends into verbal abuse, and the Chorus feel the need to interpose themselves to make the two sides more organized. Thus they suggest

Criticizing Augustine's Account of Natural and Moral Evil Essay

Criticizing Augustines Account of Natural and moral Evil - Essay ExampleA soma of mortals will be saved by the love and compassion of God, and others will be denounced to endless suffering. Ultimately, the justice and respectableness of God be expressed. After translation the City of God, particularly Books XI-XIV, I came to oppose Augustines explanation of the roots and of the ultimate nature of moral offensive. It is argued that the concept of temporarily faultless entities intention altogethery big(p) in to sin is meaningless and paradoxical. A genuinely faultless entity, albeit free to commit transgressions, would ideally or, in truth, never commit dismantle one sin. To microscope stage the root of evil to the intentional wrongdoing of a faultless entity is hence to claim the ultimate irony that evil has shaped itself out of nothing. Moreover, there seems to be a dissonance between this theological account and the commandment of predestination of Augustine, which effecti vely creates the root of moral evil within the liability and intention of God. The canon of Augustine talks about the descending of angels. Augustine introduced the notion of Natural and Moral evil. The former are the occurrences that resemble evil, like war, flood, earthquakes, etc. They resemble evil because pitying beings are ruled by selfishness, have an imperfect consciousness and understanding and are not capable of discerning the grand purpose of the unraveling play of God. Hence, when seen in the nous of view of Gods grand purpose, natural evils cease to appear evil in any way. In contrast, moral evil is the outcome of human action and will. These are the blameworthy outcomes of a resolve that has become tied to mundane or inferior principles and activities, viewing them as though they were greater. Basically, moral evil is the deviation of the will from God and relating itself to lower principles as though they were greater. My purpose in this paper is to argue against Au gustines account of the Natural evil and Moral evil or, more particularly, the problem of evil. The Flaws of Augustines Natural Evil and Moral Evil I mostly disagree to the notion that God granted good being the liberty to commit sin. If a creature is faultless in its righteousness it would in no way commit any transgression even though it is free to do so. Evil would therefore have to form itself out of nothing, which is absurd. Nevertheless, it is not logical that moral faultlessness essentially involves indisputability. Moreover, Augustines dispute of the Manicheans notion of the human soul as Lights divided component would eradicate the vital difference between the maker and the created (Jones 1969). In addition, it would weaken the responsibility of human beings for the perpetration of sin. The argument of Augustine, by eliminating the essence of Satan as a contributory factor, makes all the arguments of the Manicheans illogical (Jones 1969). Similar to all excellent critiques Augustine prevails by eliminating the core principle that the argument of the Manicheans is rooted in God, being supremely real, is supremely good. Gods creatures, being in change degrees less real than God, are in corresponding degrees less good. Their so-called evil is simply the absence of goodness and reality it is the inevitable consequence of their shape as creature (Jones 1969, 95). Moreover, Natural evil is the outcome of human weaknesses, more particularly, human beings

Article Review on Technology in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Review on Technology in Education - Essay ExampleThe author describes the technology as the combination of a computer (coupled with internet connectivity) and a projector. The projector is used to create a touch-screen display on a whiteboard that might be mounted anyplace in the classroom. Koven (2008) stated that the touch feature of the screen enables the users to write and erase notes on the board and even control the computer applications that might be test on the computer. The author explains that screenshots can be taken of the board that would facilitate future reference to the information. Figure 1 Display of a mathematics puzzle with teachers notes on the interactive whiteboard (Koven, 2008) SMART Technologies Inc. (2006) stated that the interactive whiteboard provides the functionalities of a traditional blackboard since teachers and students can write on it with ease and it alike serves as a multimedia connected to a computer that can project websites, images, videos, documents and applications to make the lectures more interactive and interesting. The article discusses the advantages of interactive whiteboards in his stem and explains how this technology proves to even help students with special needs and disabilities.

International Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Management - Assignment ExampleThe implications of these strategies are recommended to prox managers for implementation in the organizational policies for getting competitive improvement in the food market. Introduction This assignment is about the position of competitive advantage attained by Procter and Gamble and the study of the various approaches and strategies that have been choose by the organization to rise to a competitive leadership position in the market. The topic is charge to be studied as it would enable us to validate the theories of the competitive advantage with the real example of Procter and Gamble. The implication of these strategies which are namely innovative strategies, speak to leadership strategies, differentiation strategy and operation efficiency could be linked to the recent developments in the crinkle of Procter and Gamble. Due to the innovative strategies, Procter and Gamble has been able to reconstitute its business process and operations and they have been able to track the demand and needful to be done to meet the customer needs (Barner, 1991, p.102). Along with that working(a) efficiency has been attained supported by the cost effective production. These features put Procter and Gamble in a relatively superior position in the market which was reflected in increased acceptability of its products that has driven the business growth (Mullen and Stumpf, 1987, p.38). The review of literature on the topic has been presented followed by the detailed analysis and findings on the strategies adopted by Procter and Gamble for gaining competitive advantage. Literature Review The diamond model was proposed by Michael Porter in 1985 which highlights some of the drawbacks of the theory of comparative advantage. According to this theory, the nations and the business houses focus on the growth of productivity for gaining competitive advantage. In order to attain growth in productivity, the cheap labour that is ava ilable could be utilised by the forces of production. Figure 1 Diamond Model The model has analysed the notion of competitiveness using six broad factors discussed as follows Factors conditions include capital resources, physical resources, infrastructure and human resources. The demand conditions prevailing in the domestic market tooshie contribute to create competitiveness for the companies when there is pressure from the domestic buyers to infix new and differentiated products from that of the competitors. The supporting industries are important for the innovation purposes since they are cost effective and can contribute in the upgrading process whereas the government can contribute to the above determinants by influencing the supply conditions as well as demand conditions. The diamond model reduces the high degree of emphasis on the availableness of natural resources inside the geographical boundaries which brings out the limitations of the theory of comparative advantage (St upmf and Dunbar, 1990, p.22). According to the founder of this theory and many other experts, the competitive advantage could be attained by the organizations due to building up unique capabilities that help them to outperform their competitors (Peteraf, 1993, p.185). The various ways in which the companies have attained competitive advantage in the market are due to the access gained to specialized resources of production.

What is GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is gross domestic product - Essay ExampleSo, it is very essential to have a GDP for a agricultural deliberate over a definite time period. In order to further explain the definition, I will take the example of Qatar. The GDP of Qatar is the agree value of output of goods and services produced within Qatar over a period of time. The definition of GDP includes all the production done by local residents and resources have by the residents of Qatar and also by foreigners and foreign resources owned by non-residents of Qatar. GDP can be measure by three methods and each method should suffer the same answer. It can be calculated by the output method. In this method, the value of total output produced in Qatar is its GDP. It can also be calculated by the income method. Since selling of output results in income for sellers, therefore in this method GDP is calculated by adding up the income of all people working in Qatar. Similarly, the GDP of Qatar can also be calculated by using the expenditure method. Since, income for one person is expenditure for others, in this method the GDP is calculated by adding up all the expenditures spent on Qatars production.It is often considered by people that sole GDP figures are enough for telling the frugal social welfare of a country. For example, the people who say this base their claim on the fact that any changes or increase in the GDP is signal of improvement in economic well- existence. ... studied alone without any supporting data, one cannot predict whether the country is enjoying economic wellness or it is facing low standard of living. there are a number of reasons why we cannot rely solely on the GDP figures and need comprehensive sets of data to determine the economic wellness of the country. reckon that a GDP of country increases by 20%/ Many people will say that the country will now enjoy great economic well being or its residents will be better-off. However, this is not true. In order to determine the net o f economic wellness, we need to take into account the nation growth rate as well. If population growth rate is 25%, then we can clearly conclude that people will be worse-off by this increase and there will be a net-decline in the standard of living of people living in this country. So, it is not GDP that matter, but it is the authentic GDP that tells us about the economic wellness of a country. Real GDP takes into account the population and it is the measure which tells us about the economic wellness of a country.Similarly, what if an increase in GDP is because of the increase in inflation. Inflation increases the price of everything and because of this the value of GDP increases. This type of increase in the value of GDP because of inflation is also not very good as economic wellness and peoples standard of living is directly related to the physical quantity of goods being produced and not the quantity. So, we need to taking into account the inflation factor also and adjust the nominal GDP with inflation factor to arrive at the significant GDP and only this way we can tell whether or not the country is enjoying economic wellbeing or not. A good way to reverberation this problem is calculating per capita income. Per Capita income is calculated by diving

Affordable care act Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Affordable care act - Assignment ExampleSome of the reasons that led to its failure were technical, and others were political. Political problems came around due to the presidential over-promising as well as radical political opposition that the project faced. The process used to choose companies that were so-called to create a website by the political sympathies was faced with fraudulent. This resulted to massive failure of the website that was intended to make it simple to apply and acquire insurance hence the process was not running the way it was supposed for everyone. The website was too slow, and flock could get stuck throughout the process of application. The government should have solved this problem by invalidating the list of contractors who had been chosen through a fraudulent process and carry out transparency procurement process.Regardless of the problems officials of federal health proceeded with the designed rollout. The outcome was that the website went down short ly after many population tried to run the process. This failure was said to have been caused by the government over-reliance specific contractors for the technology work hence the process producing uninspiring outcomes. However, other people attributed the problem to be poor planning and implementation rather than contractors hired from private companies. In addition, companies that offered insurance services complained that they were getting incomplete information about customers. This led to suggestions that made Obama hire outside experts to try to help in fixing the website tribulations.

The Greenhouse Effect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Greenhouse Effect - Research Paper ExampleThe greenhouse effect has an impact on the whole system of Global heating plant and is considered an substantial ingredient which works towards this problem. A report published by the United Nations stated that livestock plays a major role in the sack of greenhouse gases and measures should be taken to hack the livestock. This should be done by lowering the consumption of meat and dairy milk products. However, this view has been challenged by a report presented in the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. They argue that livestock only has a minor role to play in increase the greenhouse gases in comparison to the greenhouse gases emitted by transportation. According to this report, the factors which would reduce greenhouse effect is not related to livestock and hence livestock should not be targeted by the experts. They believe that if livestock is to be targeted then it would result in an even drastic effect in the devel oping countries.The experts believe that sort of than reducing the consumption of livestock the measures should target the methods through which livestock is raised. The methods in processing meat related foods should be improvised such that the greenhouse gases emitted in the process are decreased. Currently, the developed countries have such measures through which they can avoid this and hence the developing countries should be targeted in this respect. The developed countries should be targeting their emersion of transportation which emits a great number of greenhouse gases. Effective use of sources such as oil and coal should be achieved in these developed countries to reduce the greenhouse effect. In conclusion, it can be said that the livestock should be targeted in such a way that meat consumption should not be decreased but rather measures should be taken to raise effective livestock without decreased emission of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the most important fact or that should be considered regarding the green house gases should be the transportation factor as discussed above.

Compensation and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Compensation and Benefits - Essay ExampleIn this case, in order for an organization to appeal to such employees, and keep them after(prenominal) hiring them, it is essential for them to provide them with competitive compensation packages, including benefits (Ulrich, 2011).Nonethe little, provision of benefits cost money. For instance, health insurance in the United States is quite expensive. As such, it is true that benefits may extend to increased costs, making a firm to incur higher costs and hurt its competitiveness. In this case, it is appropriate for firms to calibrate in a careful manner based on the number of benefits it wishes to offer its employees. An enterprise should be generous enough for it to attract qualified and competitive labor force. However, it should refrain from overpaying employees who are less productive and not worth additional money (Ulrich, 2011).In a firm, it is true that higher pay and benefits play a major role in attracting and keeping quality emplo yees. Nonetheless, I do not belief that pay is the primary motivating factor for existing employees and job applicants. They look for those firms that are opened of providing them with benefits, such as health insurance, which are some of the most challenging areas for employees to

Measuring Economic Health Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measuring Economic Health Memo - Essay ExampleSimilarly, availability of credit, money, and business sector investment also play a vital role in turning the business cycle. The difference between actual gross domestic product and potential GDP constitutes GDP gap. If the GDP gap is a positive number, it is known as inflationary gap and is stated as the come in indication of inflation. In contrast, during the quantify of deflation, the GDP gap shows a negative number and it is called recessionary gap. In the other phases of business cycle, the output gap differs accordingly. In order to stabilize a countrys economy, different governmental agencies always deal with national fiscal policies. A national fiscal policy refers to the way in which a government plans its expenditure and taxation so as to influence the economy. For this purpose, as Ambekar (n.d.) points out, the regulators (governmental agencies) mainly deal with tax, interest rates, and government spending since these fact ors have a direct impact on nations economy. The Federal Reserve is the main regulator of United States, which largely focuses on the supply of money as it a fruitful method to keep the inflation down. The concerned government agencies will be always in touch with countrys economic trends.

The Story of G.I. Joe Film (1945) Thesis Paper Movie Review

The Story of G.I. Joe Film (1945) Thesis Paper - Movie redirect examination ExamplePyle (played convincingly by Burgess Meredith) is the embedded journalist within this Company. But the sh atomic number 18d habiting space makes it a personal experience for Pyle and to this extent his news media takes on a humanitarian hue as opposed to being merely patriotic. This essay will argue that, of the numerous merits attached to the take in, its showcasing of the bold, compassionate and forthright journalism of the legendary Ernie Pyle is not only its standout feature but also accounts for its enduring appeal. True to the journalistic ethic of accuracy and balance, the film makes no attempt to manufacture heroism in the war setting. Instead, it fits the narrative to Pyles reportage, which includes unsavory and un-heroic aspects of the Second World War. True to this theme, Pyle was later killed in a foxhole on a remote Pacific island as he pursued his career of covering the troops after victory was won in Europe. Pyle wrote of the super acid dogfaces, not the brass hats. He is a hero who should be known to every journalism student. (Booker, 1999, p.14) But a cursory look at the stir of embedded journalism today (most visibly in the War on Terror operations) betrays the falling standards of journalism in America. Today the reporter comes across as a biased stakeholder in the side he belongs, which is a far cry from the courage and ethic espoused by Ernie Pyle. More importantly, what The Story of G.I. Joe underscores is that motion pictures rat provide helpful assistance in journalism history classes through a number of ways as a reflection of how journalists and journalism are portrayed in the mass culture as a means to measure the role that journalism plays in significant events and, perhaps most important, as a device by which to assess the ethical role of journalism as reflected by the decisions and actions of the people portrayed. (Holsinger & Schofield, 199 2, p.44) The Story of G.I. Joe can also be express to be unique for the level of realism it carries. The product is not just made for commercial purposes, but for artistic and documentary goals. It also served as a vehicle of propaganda to gather support for the war from the American public. The relatively late release of the film (released after the dust settled in the European theatre) is perhaps why it portrays combat in unglamorous terms, emphasizing not the heroism of its soldiers but their weariness and daily hardships. Based on Pyles reports (collected in his 1943 book, present Is Your War) the film details the grueling effect of extended combat service on a platoon of American soldiers the Italian campaign. Led by Lieutenant baby buggy ( Robert Mitchum) and accompanied by Pyle, the platoon slowly advances, experiencing both danger and boredom but very little in the way of glory. (Booker, 1999, p.14) Contemporary war movies as healthy as war journalism can do well by embra cing such an attitude. It is in recognition of the valuable sensibilities displayed through the film that it won four Academy Award nominations, including to Mitchum for best supporting actor and to the three screenwriters (two ofwhom, Endore and Stevenson, were prominent figures on the American cultural Left) for best screenplay. While some critics took the films grim depiction of war as an antiwar statement, James Agee insightfully notes that G.I. Joe is a tragic and eternal work of art precisely because of its unflinching portrayal of the realities of

The learning transfer practices at Camair-Co Dissertation

The knowledge transfer practices at Camair-Co - Dissertation ExampleHowever, the behavioural as well as cognitive traits comprehend by the learners should also be considered as vital in this context as these factors also have a substantial impact on the boilersuit efficiency of the discipline transfer process. Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank all the employees at Camair-Co who offered their cooperation, understanding and time when I was carrying out my research. I also filter out my appreciation to my friends and family for being so supportive while I was completing this study. Finally, I offer my sincere thanks to God, for giving me the strength, perseverance and confidence to spring all this possible. Table of Contents (INCLUDE WORD COUNT) Chapter 1 Introduction 309 words (300) 1.1 Background Camair-Co is the national airline of the Republic of Cameroon that is based in Douala. The company offers rider and cargo transportation to visiting friends and relatives, Government, NGOs and traders (History, 2011) Camair-Co employs 438 personnel comprising of both national and foreign expertise. Subedi (2004) suggests that a diverse workforce can raise significant challenges for the organisation in the execution of its learning or training transfer process (Subedi, 2004). Within todays competitive business environment, strong talent is critical to the advantage of organisations. Consequently, management must ensure all employees are empowered through training to effectively transfer knowledge and skills screening to the work place. 1.2 Statement of the business Training activities at Camair-Co include on and off the job training. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the transfer of learning is... The paper tells that the notion bed the transfer of learning contributes significantly towards making the workforce effective. 10% of the overall staff salary at Camair-Co is spent on create capabilities through training, learning and other development initiatives. In the writers experience, the most successful organisations have consistently invested a lot of money in training and developing their people however, evidence suggests the value derived from the training spend is not as encouraging. Only 10% and 34% of skills and knowledge gained from training is still applied by employees on-the-job a year later. Given the alarming statistics by researchers and the large amounts of money involved, monitoring and closing any gaps between what is invested and what is returned is critical. According to Cree & Macaulay, transfer of learning has been referred to the process of earlier learning which influences improved consummation or learning. The transfer of learning is said to entail skills acquisition and knowledge gained in training that is transferred back to the job, as well as maintenance of the learned material over a period of time on-the-job. Broad & Newstrom describe it as the effective and continuing application , by trainees to their jobs, of the knowledge and skills gained in training both on and off the job. This concept is of particular importance among organisations that seek to ensure peak performance amongst individuals and the organisation. Rothwell & Sredi assert that the transfer of learning also facilitates the organisations in the development of competitive advantage.

My Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

My Leadership Style EssayAccording to the leading assessment, I am more of task-oriented leader than a people-oriented leader, though I scored steep in both beas, therefore I have a healthy balance of both which is important for a leader in any company. My leadership style allows me to get my croak completed in an organized fashion, objet dart being gift to other ideas I can focus on the small projects piece continuing to see the big picture or vision. Because I score high on the task-oriented side, I can be more autocratic in my thinking. This will limit my ability to show my apathy for my staff and employees Furthermore, I am overly a transformational and charismatic leader. I am most effective in smaller organizations that have direct interactions with my staff. According to Robbins, this helps to make me effective as a leader, which will give a company low turnover, higher productivity, lower employee stress, and burnout, and higher employee satisfaction. Furthermor e, Robbins shared that this leadership style is not effective with those who are highly individualistic and do not readily cede decision-making authority. Since I am able to communicate with my staff the expectations, visions ad engage my staff, I also have a Charismatic leadership style. I continuously focus on the end goal, big picture and tie that big picture to the work of my staff, making it attainable to my staff. One of the major downsides to charismatic leadership is that it can be situational, according to Robbins.Role in CompanyThe role I would standardised to pursue within the company is that of a managerial supervisor. According to Robbins, organizations need strong leadership andstrong management for optimal effectiveness. I feel that because I have leadership and managerial traits and characteristics, I would be a great candidate for that particular role. In a managerial supervisory role, I am a direct leader. I work directly with my staff on a one-on-one basis and in a team format I will have more influence directly on my staff. As the managerial supervisor, I am able to support, recognize, develop, plan, and coach/mentor my staff composition monitoring, setting goals, and overseeing day to day operations. This is evident because of my healthy balance of task and people orientation.Leadership theories applicable to my leadership approachThe Big Five indication Leadership Theory is applicable to my leadership approach because research has shown that the big five personality factors are strong indicators for job success and performance. I scored high in the areas of extroversion and conscientiousness. The positive factors about scoring high on conscientiousnesss is that overall, those with high marks in this area have ruin job performance and those are more reliable, thorough, organized, angle to plan, and persistent according to the assessment. These traits are consisted with those of task-oriented leaders. However, the Leadership Substitute Theory would be counter indicated for the areas of subordinate, task, and group/ organizational characteristics. This is because my staff could need little direction from me as their supervisor if they have extensive experience. Also, when staff repeats their task over and over, they become proficient and dont need feedback, but are building their own motivation. As a task-oriented, transformational, and charismatic leader, I would struggle more with staff who are more nonparasitic or did not work well in the group. I like to give freedom to my staff, but my style makes it necessary to know what is going on in the jobs at all times.ConclusionMy leadership style is transformational, charismatic with my main focus on task-oriented management. I work hard to inspire my staff, while also meeting deadlines. I focus better when Im working with a team rather than individuals who do their own thing. Research has shown that my leadershipstyle is an asset to many companies if utilized in the right way. This is why I would like a position that allows me to shine, take the lead of a team, while focusing on the companies big picture.ReferencesRobbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Yuki, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education.

The Past, Present, and Future of Automated Scoring Essay Example for Free

The Past, Present, and Future of modify Scoring EssayNo sensible decision can be made any longer without taking into account non only the world as it is, and the world as it volition be Isaac Asimov (5)IntroductionAlthough some realities of the classroom remain constant they wouldnt exist without the presence, whether actual or virtual, of scholarly persons and teachers the technology age is changing non only the federal agency that we teach, precisely also how students learn. plot the implications of this affect tout ensemble disciplines, it is acutely evident in the teaching of opus. In the last twenty years, we ingest seen a rapid transform in how we read, compile, and c ar for text. Compositionist Carl Whithaus maintains that piece of music is becoming an increasingly multimodal and mul datedia activity (xxvi). It is no surprise then, that there ar currently 100 million blogs in existence world-wide and 171 billion email messages sent daily (Olson 23), and the trend toward digitally-based constitution is also contemptible into the classroom. The typical student today writes almost exclusively on a electronic figurer, typically atomic number 53 equipped with automated tools to help them spell, check grammar, and even choose the right words (Cavanaugh 10). Furthermore, CCC notes that increasingly, classes and programs in writing require that students frame up digitally (785).Given the effect of technology on writing and the current culture of high gear stakes foot raceing ushered in by the mandates of the No tike Left Behind Act of 2001, a seemingly natural product of the combination of the dickens is computer-based valuatement of writing. An idea still in its infancy, the accomplish of technical change in combination with federal test mandates has resulted in several republics incorporating computer-based examination into their writing estimations, not only beca uptake of students widespread familiarity with compute rs, but also because of the demands of college and the workplace, where word-processing skills are a must (Cavanaugh 10).Although it bring abouts sense to claim students accustomed to composing on computer write in the same mode for high-stakes tests, does it make sense to worst their writing by computer as well? This is a controversial question that has both curbers and detractors. Supporters like Stan Jones, Indianas Commissioner of Higher Education, believe that computerized audition grading is inevitable (Hurwitz n.p.), while detractors, primarily pedagogues, assert that such opinion defies what we know about writing and its assessment, because regardless of the medium all writing is social agreely, re routineee to and evaluation of writing are human activities (CCC 786).Even so, the reality is that the law requires testing nationwide, and in all probability that mandate is not going to change anytime soon. With NCLB up for revision this year, even politicians like Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts agree that standards are a good idea and that testing is one way to suss out that they are met. At some loony toons, we need to pull away from all-or-none polarization and create a new paradigm. The instead we realize that computer technology will link up assessment technology in some way (Penrod 157), the sooner we will be able to address how we, as teachers of writing, can use technology efficaciously for assessment.In the past, Brian Huot notes that teachers responses have been reactionary, cobbled together at the last minute in response to an outside call (150). Teachers need to be proactive in addressing technical convergence in the written report classroom, because if we dont, others can will impose certain technologies on our teaching (Penrod 156). or else of passively leaving the development of assessment software product solely to programmers, teachers need to be actively compound with the process in order to ensure the applicati on of sound pedagogy in its creation and application.This test will argue that automated essay scoring (AES) is an inevitability that provides many an(prenominal) more positive possibilities than negative ones. While the research presented here spans K-16 statement, this essay will primarily address its application in secondary environments, primarily foc utilize on high school juniors, a group currently consisting of approximately 4 million students in the united States, because this group represents the targeted population for secondary school high stakes testing in this country (U.S. Census Bureau). It will outset present a brief history of AES, then explore the current state of AES, and finally consider the implications of AES for writing control and assessment in the future.A Brief History of Computers and AssessmentThe primary time standardized objective testing in writing occurred was in 1916 at the University of Missouri as leave of a Carnegie Foundation sponsored st udy (Savage 284). As the 20th century continued, these tests began to grow in popularity because of their efficiency and perceived reliability, and are the cornerstone of what Kathleen Blake Yancey describes as the first agitate of writing assessment (484). To articulate the progression of composition assessment, Kathleen Blake Yancey identifies cardinal distinct, yet overlapping, waves (483). The first wave, occurring approximately from 1950-1970, primarily focused on using objective (multiple choice) tests to assess writing simply because, as she quotes Michael Williams, they were the topper response that could be tied to testing theory, to institutional need, to cost, and ultimately to efficiency (Yancey 489).During Yanceys first wave of composition assessment, another wave was forming in the parallel universe of computer software design, where developers began to address the possibilities of not only programming computers to mimic the process of human reading material, but to emulate the value judgments that human readers make when they read student writing in the context of large scale assessment (Herrington and Moran 482). Herrington and Moran identify The Analysis of Essays by Computer, a 1968 book by Ellis Page and Dieter Paulus, as one of the first composition studies books to address AES.Their goal was to evaluate student writing as faithfully as human readers, and they attempted to identify computer-measurable text features that would correlate with the kinds of intrinsic features that are the basis for human judgments , settling on thirty quantifiable features, which included essay length in words, average word length, total and kind of punctuation, number of common words, and number of spelling errors (Herrington and Moran 482). In their study, they found a high enough statistical correlation, .71, to support the use of the computer to score student writing. The authors note that the response of the composition community in 1968 to Page and Pauluss book was one of indignation and uproar.In 2007, not much has changed in terms of the composition communitys position regarding computer-based assessment of student writing. To many, it is something that is an unknown, mystifying Orwellian entity waiting in the shadows for the perfect moment to jump out and usurp teachers autonomy in the classroom. Nancy Patterson describes computerized writing assessment as a horror story that may come sooner than we realize (56). Furthermore, P.L. Thomas offers the following question and response How can a computer determine accuracy, originality, valuable elaboration, empty language, language maturity, and a long count of similar qualities that are central to assessing writing? Computers cant. WE must ensure that the human element remains the dominant factor in the assessing of student writing (29).Herrington and Moran make the issue a central one in the teaching of writing and have serious concerns about the potential effects of ma chine reading of student writing on our teaching, on our students learning, and therefore on the profession of English (495). Finally, CCC definitively writes, We oppose the use of machine-scored writing in the assessment of writing (789). While the argument against AES is clear here, the responses appear to be based on a lack of understanding of the technology and an unwillingness to change. Instead of taking a reactionary position, it might be more constructive for teachers to assume the inevitability of computerized assessment technology it is not going away and to use that assumption as the basis for taking a proactive role in its implementation.The Current Culture of High-Stakes TestingAt any given time in the United States, there are approximately 16 million 15-18 year-olds, the majority of whom receive a high school education (U.S. Census). Even when factoring in a maximum of 10 percent (1.6 million) who may drop out or otherwise not receive a diploma, there is a strong o ccur of students, 14-15 million, who are attending high school. The majority of these students are members of the national school system and as such must be tested annually according to NCLB, though the most significant focus group for high-stakes testing is eleventh arrange students.Currently in myocardial infarct, 95% of any given public high schools junior population must sit for the MME, Michigan Merit Exam, in order for the school to qualify for AYP, Adequate Yearly Progress1. Interestingly, those students do not all have to pass currently, though by 2014 the government mandates a 100% passing rate, a number that most admit is an impossibility and will probably be addressed as the NCLB Act is up for review this year. In the past, as part of the previous 11th grade examination, the MEAP, Michigan Educational Assessment Program, requisite students to complete an essay response, which was assessed by a variety of people, mostly college students and retired teachers, for a min imal amount of money, usually in the $7.50 $10.00 per hr range.As a side note, neighboring Ohio sends its writing test to North Carolina to be scored by workers receiving $9.50 per hour (Patterson 57), a wage that fast food employees make in some states. Because of this, it was consistently difficult for the state to assess these writings in a short period of time, causing huge delays in distributing the results of the exams backside to the school districts, posing a huge problem as schools could not use the testing information in order to address educational shortfalls of their students or programs in a timely manner, one of the purposes behind getting prompt feedback.This year (2007), as a result of increased graduation requirements and testing mandates goaded by NCLB, the Michigan Department of Education began administering a new examination to 11th graders, the MME, an ACT fueled assessment, as ACT was awarded the testing contract. The MME is comprised of several sections and required most high schools to administer it over a period of 2-3 days. Day one consists of the ACT + written material, a 3.5 hour test that includes an argumentative essay.Days two/three (depending on district implementation), consist of the ACT WorkKeys, a basic work skills test of math and English, further mathematics testing (to address curricular content not covered by the ACT + theme), and a social studies test, which incorporates another essay that the state combines with the argumentative essay in the ACT + Writing in order to determine an overall writing score. Miraculously, under the auspices of ACT, students received their ACT + Writing scores in the mail approximately three weeks after testing, unlike the MEAP, where some schools did not receive test scores for six months. In 2005, a MEAP official admitted that the cost of scoring the writing assessment was forcing the state to go another route (Patterson 57), and now it has.So how is this related to automated essay sco ring? My hypothesis is that as states are required to test writing as part of NCLB, there is going to be a lack of qualified people to be able to read and assess student essays and determine results within a reasonable amount of time to purposefully inform demand curricular and instructional change, which is supposed to be the point of testing in the first place. Four million plus essays to evaluate each year (sometimes more if more writing is required, like Michigan requiring two essays) on a national level is a huge amount. Michigan Virtual Universitys Jamey Fitzpatrick says, Lets face it. Its a very effortful task to sit down and read essays (Stover n.p.). Furthermore, it only makes sense that instead of states working on their own test management, they will contract state-wide testing to big testing agencies, like Michigan and Illinois have with ACT, to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Because of the move to contract ACT, my guess is that we are moving in the direction of having all of these writings scored by computer.In email correspondence that I had with Harry Barfoot at Vantage Learning in early 2007, a company that creates and markets AES software, said, Ed Roeber has been to visit us and he is the high stakes assessment guru in Michigan, and who was part of the MEAP 11th grade becoming an ACT test, which Vantage will end up being part of under the covers of ACT. This indicates the inevitability of AES as part of high-stakes testing. In spite of the fact that there are no states that rely on computer assessment of writing yet, state education officials are looking at the potential of this technology to limit the need for costly human scorers and reduce the time needed to grade tests and get them back in the hands of classroom teachers (Stover n.p.). Because we live in an age where the budget axe frequently cuts funding to public education, it is in the interest of states to save money any way they can, and states stand to save millions of do llars by adopting computerized writing assessment (Patterson 56).Although AES is not a reality yet, all(prenominal) indication is that we are moving toward it as a solution to the cost and efficiency issues of standardized testing. Herrington and Moran observe that pressures for common assessments across state public K-12 systems and high education both for placement and for proficiency testing make attractive a machine that promises to assess the writing of large numbers of students in a fast and reliable way (481). To date, one of the two readers (the other is still human) for the GMAT is e-Rater, an AES software program, and some universities are using Vantages WritePlacerPlus software in order to place first year university students (Herrington and Moran 480). However, one of the largest obstacles in bringing AES to K-12 is one of access. In order for students writing to be assessed electronically, it must be inputted electronically, convey that every student will have to c ompose their essays via computer.Sean Cavanaghs article of two months ago maintains that ACT has already suggested delivering computers to districts who do not have fit technology in order to accommodate technology differences (10). As of last month, March 2007, Indiana is the only state that relies on computer scoring of 11th grade essays for the state-mandated English examination (Stover n.p.) for 80 percent of their 60,000 11th graders (Associated Press), though their Assistant Superintendent for Assessment, Research, and Information, West Bruce, says that the states computer software assigns a confidence rating to each essay, where low confidence essays are referred to a human scorer (Stover n.p.). In addition, in 2005 West Virginia began using an AES program to grade 44,000 middle and high school writing samples from the states writing assessment (Stover n.p.). At present, only ten percent of states currently incorporate computers into their writing assessments, and two more a re piloting such exams (Cavanagh 10). As technology becomes more accessible for all public education students, the possibilities for not only computer-based assessment but also AES become very real.Automated Essay ScoringWeighing the technological possibilities against logistical considerations, however, when might we expect to see full-scale implementation of AES? Semire Dikli, a Ph.D. candidate from Florida State University, writes that for practical reasons the transition of large-scale writing assessment from paper to computer delivery will be a gradual one (2). Similarly, Russell and Haney suspect that it will be some years before schools generally develop the capacity to administer wide-ranging assessments via computer (16 of 20).The natural extension of this, then, is that AES cannot fade on a large-scale until we are able to provide conditions that allow each student to compose essays via computer with Internet access to upload files. At issue as well is the reliability o f the company contracted to do the assessing. A March 24, 2007 Steven Carter article in The Oregonian reports that access issues resulted in the state of Oregon canceling its contract with Vantage and signing a long-term contract with American Institutes for Research, the long-standing company that does NAEP testing. Even though the state tests only reading, science, and math this way (not writing), it nevertheless indicates that reliable access is an ongoing issue that must be resolved.Presently, there are four commercially available AES systems Project Essay shape (Measurement, Inc.), Intelligent Essay Assessor (Pearson), Intellimetric (Vantage), and e-Rater (ETS) (Dikli 5). All of these incorporate the same process in the software, where First, the developers identify relevant text features that can be extracted by computer (e.g., the similarity of the words used in an essay to the words used in high-scoring essays, the average word length, the frequency of grammatical errors, t he number of words in the response). Next, they create a program to extract those features. Third, they combine the extracted features to form a score. And finally, they evaluate the machine scores empirically,(Dikli 5).At issue with the programming, however, is that the weighting of text features derived by an automated scoring system may not be the same as the one that would result from the judgments of writing experts (Dikli 6). There is still a significant difference between statistically optimal approaches to measurement and scientific or educational approaches to measurement, where the aspects of writing that students need to focus on to improve their scores are not the ones that writing experts most value (Dikli 6). This is the tension that Diane Penrod addresses in Composition in Convergence that was mentioned earlier, in which she recommends that teachers and compositionists become proactive by getting involved in the creation of the software instead of leaving it exclusive ly to programmers.And this makes sense. Currently, there are 50-60 features of writing that can be extracted from text, but current programs only use about 8-12 of the most predictive features of writing to determine scores (Powers et. al. 413). Moreover, Thomas writes that composition experts must determine what students learn about writing if that is left to the programmers and the testing experts, we have failed (29). If compositionists and teachers can enmesh themselves in the creation of software, working with programmers, then the product would likely be one that is more palatable and suitable based on what we know good writing is. While the aura of mystery behind the creation of AES software is of concern to educators, it could be easily addressed by education and involvement. CCC reasons that since we can not know the criteria by which the computer scores the writing, we can not know whether particular kinds of bias may have been reinforced into the scoring (489). It stands to reason, then, that if we take an active role in the development of the software, we will have more control over issues such as bias.Another point of contention with moving toward computer-based writing and assessment is the concern that high-stakes testing will result in students having a narrow view of good writing, particularly those moving to the college level, where writing skill is expected to be more comprehensive than a prompt-based five-paragraph essay written in 30 minutes. Grand Valley State Universitys Nancy Patterson opposes computer scoring of high stakes testing, saying that no computer can evaluate subtle or creative styles of writing nor can they assess the quality of an essays intellectual content (Stover n.p.). She also writes that standardized writing assessment is already having an adverse effect on the teaching of writing, luring many teachers into more formulaic approaches and an over-emphasis on surface features (Patterson 57).Again, education is key here , specifically teacher education. Yes, we live in a culture of high-stakes testing, and students must be lively to write successfully for this genre. But, test-writing is just that, a genre, and should be taught as such just not to the detriment of the rest of a writing program something that the authors of Writing of Demand assert when they write We believe it is possible to integrate writing on demand into a plan for teaching based on best practices (5). AES is not an attack on best practices, but a tool for cost-effective and efficient scoring. Even though Thomas warns against the demands of standards and high stakes testing becoming the entire writing program, we still must realize that computers for composition and assessment can have positive results, and many of the roadblocks to more effective writing instruction the paper load, the time involved in writing instruction and assessment, the need to address surface features individually can be lessened by using computer pr ograms (29).In addition to pedagogical concerns, skeptics of AES are leery of the companies themselves, particularly the aggressive marketing tactics that are used, particularly those that teachers perceive to be threats not only to their autonomy, but their jobs. To begin, companies aggressively market because we live in a capitalist society and they are out to make money. But, to cite Penrod, both computers and assessment are by-products of capitalist thinking applied to education, in that the two reflect speed and efficiency in textual production (157). This is no different than the first standardized testing experiments by the Carnegie Foundation at the beginning of the 20th Century, and it is definitely nothing new. Furthermore, Herrington and Moran admit that computer power has increased exponentially, text- and content- analysis programs have become more plausible as replacements for human readers, and our administrators are now the targets of heavy marketing from companies t hat offer to read and evaluate student writing right away and cheaply (480).In addition they see a threat in companies marketing programs that define the task of reading, evaluating, and responding to student writing not as a complex, demanding, and rewarding aspect of our teaching, but as a burden that should be elevate from our shoulders (480). In response to their first concern, teachers becoming involved in the process of creating assessment software will help to define the task the computers perform. Also, teachers will always read, evaluate, and respond, but probably differently. Not all writing is for high-stakes testing. Secondly, and maybe Im alone in this (but I think not), but Id love to have the tedious task of assessing student writing lifted from my plate, especially on sunny weekends when Im stuck inside for most of the daylight hours assessing student work. To be a dedicated writing teacher does not necessarily involve martyrdom, and if some of the tedious work is removed, it can give us more time to actually teach writing. Imagine thatThe Future of Automated Essay ScoringOn March 14th, 2007, an article appeared in Education Week that says that beginning in 2011, the National Association for Educational Progress will begin conducting the testing of writing for 8th and 12th grade students by having the students compose on computers, a decision unanimously approved as part of their new writing assessment framework. This new assessment will require students to write two 30-minute essays and evaluate students ability to write to persuade, to explain, and to convey experience, typically tasks deemed necessary both in school and in the workplace (Olson 23).Currently, NAEP testing is assessed by AIR (mentioned above), and will no doubt incorporate AES for assessing these writings. In response, Kathleen Blake Yancey, Florida State University prof and president-elect of NCTE, said the framework Provides for a more rhetorical view of writing, where pur pose and audience are at the center of writing tasks, while also requiring students to write at the keyboard, providing a direct link to the kind of composing writers do in college and in the workplace, thus bringing assessment in line with lifelong composing practices (Olson 23). We are on the cusp of a new era.With the excitement of new possibilities, though, we must remember, as P.L. Thomas reminds us, that while technology can be a wonderful thing, it has never been and never will be a panacea (29). At the same time, we must also discard our tendency to head off change and embrace the overwhelming possibilities of incorporating computers and technology with writing instruction. Thomas also says that writing teachers need to see the inevitability of computer-assisted writing instruction and assessment as a great opportunity.We should work to see that this influx of technology can help increase the time students spend actually composing in our classrooms and increase the amount o f writing students produce (29). Moreover, we must consider that the methods used to program AES software are not very different than the rubrics that classroom teachers use in holistic scoring, something Penrod identifies as having numerous subsets and criteria that do indeed divide the students work into pieces (93). I argue that our time is better spent working within the system to ensure that its inevitable changes reflect sound pedagogy, because the trend that were seeing is not substantially differently from previous ones. The issue is in how we choose to address it. Instead of eschewing change, we should embrace it and make the most of its possibilities.

Significance of the Study Essay Example for Free

Significance of the Study EssayThis study is altogether about Wi-Fi connections on school campuses and the proper usage of it, there argon several reports show, that some students dont use those Wi-Fi connections for school projects, assignments, etc but they use it more on social networking sites such as Facebook, twitter, tumblr etc. new(prenominal) students use it for watching/downloading porn.The researcher aims to know what is the real purpose of Wi-Fi connections on school campuses and what they do to those students who are addicted to social networking sites. It will give succor to those students who are addicted to social networking sites and how do they stop using it even in school hours. The study is very helpful because it improves the knowledge of the people that are involved in the study. It will give information on how students react physically and emotionally.Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study was undertaken to determine the usage of Wi-Fi connecti ons on school campuses by third year high school students of Maryhill College during the school year 2012-2013 the respondents of the student were 223 third year students. This study also focused on proper usage of students of Wi-Fi. The aspects looked into were the meaning of Wi-Fi, proper usage of internet connection of students and other wireless connections. Definition of TermsFor better understanding of the study the undermentioned were defined briefly Internet. is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and opthalmic networking technologies Wireless network. efers to any type of computer network that is not connected by cab les of any kind.It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business) installations avoid the pricy process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless local area network (WLAN. ) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet.

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay

Performance Appraisal Methods On mental curve Management striveThe purpose of this dissertation is to check the impact of executing judgment methods on mental quail bridge between employer and employee in UK retail sector ( Iceland food ltd. ). The origin willing attempt to achieve this by focusing on importance of performance assessment methods in improving motivation and performance of the employees and by ascertaining whether on that point is clear takeing of the bound of mental take away involved in performance estimate meeting.The UK retail market is note to increase in surface by 15% everywhere the next five years, taking its value to just over 312bn (UK Retail Futures 2011 Sector Summary, Data monitor). However this represents a slowing subdue of annual growth and with operating costs and the cost of credit set to rise, the retail sector faces ch aloneenging generation. The retail culture is commercially compulsive and as such on that point is pressu re to perform. playacting in retail is hard work and the dynamic genius of the business requires a flexible attitude.Working in a shop is very likely to involve working weekends and late nights. Work-life balance could be a very significant issue for an application that traditionally has an image of long or antisocial working hours. The retail industry employs over 3 million people (data collected March 08). This equates to 11% of the total UK work twitch (UK Retail Futures 2011 Sector Summary, Data monitor).Almost 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK is generated by the retail sector. UK retail sales were slightly 265 billion in 2007, which is larger than the combined economies of Denmark and Portugal (UK Retail Futures 2011 Sector Summary, Data monitor). The retail industry and the logical arguments at bottom it ar susceptible to economic and consumer trends.Today, most memorial tablets on the major basis take a crap some kind of performance estimate system in place. A study conducted by Hirsh (2006) found that only a third of the HR professionals felt that the established approximation methods have achieved theirs objectives and that most appraised exercises could not really had helped organisations to repair their performance (Hirsh, 2006 as quoted within Fletcher, 2008 p.1). Indeed, estimate has survive an emotive word beca social occasion it is either done poorly or partly as the organisations keep on ignoring the values of the performance appraisal, on that pointby affecting the mental contract of the case-by-case.There are numerous indicators of a traumatized mental contract this can later be attributed to poor performance appraisal methods. Such indicators implicate high turnover, low motivation, low barter satisfaction (Hiltrop, 1995). According to Fletcher (2008), The unpopularity of using performance appraisal methods can be cl betimes seen as most organisations go for the same cognitive operation with different titles such as Performance Reviews, Work Planning and Review and more others. Iceland food ltd. follow this rule as the appraisal methods in place are describe.Statement of PurposeThe purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods used on psychological contract between the employer and employee. With an aim of examining the efficiency of the techniques used to perform the appraisal system in place. The importance of the appraisal system within Iceland food ltd. will as wellhead as be established. This will be initially achieved by investigating the importance of performance appraisal methods in improving the motivation and performance of the employees, and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the hurt of psychological contract involved in the performance appraisal meetings.It will be beta to understand how these performance appraisal methods are being evaluated. The secondary search conducted on this topic, made u se of a number of academic journals, articles and books think to the subject to monitor performance of appraisal techniques. The data collection procedure involves a quantitative questionnaire issued to the employees of Icelands, and a series of semi structured qualitative interviews.1.2 The Importance of the StudyThe importance of the study is to understand the effect of performance appraisal on the psychological contract of the individual employee working in the retail food super stores. The method and the aim of the appraisal process is vital in giving training, motivation, confidence and job satisfaction to the employee as well as the rewards they get out of pay review.The author endeavours to discovery out what are the elements of the psychological contract of employee working in the retail food industry and whether or not it is affected by good or bad appraisal system used by the organisation. The primeval research is conducted on the employees of the retail store to get th e exact scenario of their present working conditions and their psychological contract with a focus on the performance review constitution of the organisation.1.3 Background of the troupe Investigated. so thats why mums go to IcelandIceland began business in 1970, when Malcolm baby carriage opened the first store in Oswestry, Shropshire with his business partners Peter Hinchcliffe, Colin Harris, Thomas Duffin and John Apthorp investing 30 each. This was for only one months rent at their Shropshire store. They were all still employees of Woolworths at the time, and their employment was terminated once their employer discovered their job on the side. Iceland initially specialized in loose frozen food.By 1975, there were 15+ Iceland outlets in North Wales, with the first supermarket-style outlet opening in Manchester a couple of years later. The loyals head office go to Deeside, Flintshire in 1979. Iceland was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, by which stage it had 81 ou tlets.In 1989 Iceland bought its competitor Bejam which was some three times larger in cost of business. By January 2004, the combined chain had 760 stores throughout the United Kingdom.Finding the retail market more hostile in the late 1990s, Iceland pursued avenues for differentiation. In 1998, the firm began to focus on providing organic food and genetically modified-free food. This policy saw the company convert its entire frozen vegetable range to organic in 2000.In 1999, Iceland launched what it claimed to be the first nationwide, free, online grocery shopping service. This tied in with the rebranding of all outlets under the Iceland.co.uk. However, the rebranding exercise appears to have been quietly abandoned in the early 2000s, as the unadorned Iceland name is now used more widely, although some stores still have the Iceland.co.uk name on display.Iceland was renamed the Big Food chemical group in Feb 2002, and attempted a refocus on the convenience sector with a bid for L ondis. Grimsey remained until the takeover and demerger of the Big Food Group by a puddle led by the Icelandic company, Baugur Group in February 2005.Since Malcolm Walkers return to the company, Iceland has reduced the workforce by 500 jobs at the Deeside Head Office, with approximately 300 jobs moved in September as a result of a relocation of a distribution warehouse from Deeside to Warrington. During July 2006, 300 workers took industrial action with the support of their union, cylinder block several Lorries from entering the depot. Despite this, the transfer to Warrington took place and the new warehouse was later outsourced to DHL in April 2007.In January 2009, Iceland announced that it would buy 51 stores in the UK from the failed Woolworths Group chain three days after the final 200 Woolworths stores closed their doors for the last time.In April 2009, Iceland announced plans to close its appliance showrooms by September 2009 to thin on food retailing. Icelands sales for th e year ended 27 March 2009 were 2.08 billion, a 16% increase on the previous year, with net profits of 113.7 million.Iceland is a successful and growing business, and to maintain our momentum we want to help all our people to fulfil their ambitions and realise their potential. We take pride in our training and ripening, and our 2009 lag survey showed that 87% of our employees considered that they had all the training they needed to do their job well. In addition to paying close attention to the results of these unshakable surveys, we conduct individual performance reviews designed to identify strengths, ambition and potential, and are strongly committed to providing opportunities for those who wish to develop their careers within Iceland. Over 60% of our store managers have win their positions through internal promotion.Currently Iceland is having over 750 stores through out the UK. And more than 18000 employees work within Iceland food ltd.Iceland have employees hand book that is handed over to the employees during the induction. This employees handbook is basically designed for the frontline staffs, which includes the entire details of the induction procedure, probationary period, performance appraisal, disciplinary, dress policy, dignity at work and grievance procedures and other important elements of the contract. The entire information on the Icelands was known to the author with the help of store manager of the Iceland food ltd. And from the Iceland food ltd website and staff hand book.AIMThe aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee.ObjectivesTo examine the concept and theories colligate to psychological contract.To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal.To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd.To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract.1.6 Overview of the StudyThe dissertation will be presented in a series of the following chapters. Brief description of each chapter is written below with a diagrammatic representation (Figure 1.0 and Table 1.0 Overview of the study).Chapter 1 originationChapter 2Literature ReviewChapter 3MethodologyChapter 4ResultsChapter 6Conclusionand RecommendationIntroduction This chapter institutionalises the introduction to the study, covering the aim and objectives of the study. It includes the statement of purpose and the background of the company investigated.Literature Review This chapter provides the critical analysis of all the secondary research conducted by the author on the performance appraisal, psychological contract followed by the discussion of the effects of former on latter.Methodology This chapter explains the research aim and the research process undertaken by the author to fulfil the research questions outlined in previous chapter. It also includes the primary method conducted by the author to gather the research data.Results This chapter includes the findings of the primary research conducted by the author. It also includes the charts and graphs that explain the findings of the research.Discussion and Analyses This chapter includes analyses of the finding of the primary research. It also includes the comments of the interviews as well as analyse the impression of the survey conducted by the author.Conclusion and Recommendation This is the final chapter of the study which will give a synopsis of all the findings and cross refer it with the objectives express in the initial chapter. It will also offer the recommendations for further research.Chapter 5DiscussionandAnalysesCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionA literature review as defined by Fink (20053) isa systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesising the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fi nk 2005, p.3)AIMThe aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee.ObjectivesTo examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract.To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal.To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd.To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract.To draw conclusion and make recommendation about the effectiveness performance appraisal method on the employees of Iceland food ltd.This section therefore, attempts to review some related literature relevant to this study. Moreover this literature review seeks to justify the uniqueness of this study in the light of the works of other known scholars in the business line of performance assessment strategies on the psychological contract, focusing on the performance appraisal method used by Iceland food ltd, U.K.T his section is arranged into themes in line with the research objectives and questions outlined in the preceding chapter. The review will begin with the purpose of the psychological contract and the appraisal method, followed by the different types of the appraisal methods. Then the performance appraisal method used by the Iceland food ltd U.K. will be critically reviewed and how the performance appraisal affect the psychological contract between the employer and employee will be discussed. Lastly the advantages and limitations of this factor and the importance of this study will be presented.In addition, a recent view is of Conway and Briner where they define What Psychological conjure is ?To examine the concept of the psychological contract, a review of existingdefinitions and research needs to be assessed. Origins of the term psychological contract derived from Argyris in the mid-sixties who referred to it as the implicit understanding between a group of employees and their for eman, while Schein in 1965 further developed the concept focussing on the high take aim relationship between the employee and the organisation (Wellin 2007).Furthermore, Kotter in 1973 (as quoted within Roehling 1997) described the psychological contract as, an implicit contract between an individual and his organisation which specifies what each bears to give and receive from each other in their relationship. (Kotter as quoted within Roehling 1997 p.210)psychological contract as, the perceptions of the cardinal parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other (Conway and Briner (2005) as quoted within CIPD 2009) However, Rousseau (1995) (as quoted in Guerrero and Herrbach 2007) believes that the psychological contract is formulated in the minds of the employees,individual beliefs, human bodyd by the organisation, regarding toll of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation.(Rousseau (1995) as quoted within Guerrero a nd Herrbach 2007 p.4) winning all that into consideration, the nature of the psychological contract can be seen as the implicit unwritten resideations and beliefs that one holds in relation to their employment relationship. These contracts can be highly subjective and what makes them binding is what they are perceived to be (Hughes and Palmer 2007).Conway and Briner (2002) state that the beliefs refer to employee perceptions of the explicit and implicit promises regarding the exchange of the employee contributions such as effort, ability and faithfulness for organisational inducements such as pay, promotion and security. Moreover, Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker (2003) supports this statement by stipulating that workers are expected to input their sciences, time, effort, commission and loyalty to the organisation in return of wages, benefits, job security, opportunity to progress their achievement, power, status and affiliations. Witte et al. (2008) clarifies further that the idea of b alance is key to these mutual exchanges within this dynamic and informal contract so that the employee feels that what is offered by the organisation balances what the individual brings to the relationship. Perceived imbalance could consequently result in the perception of contract violation. The CIPD (2005) highlighted a simplified invitee model (1996) of the psychological contract as illustrated in Figure 2.1.The influencing factors that feed into the contract include the human resource practices, organisational content and the individual characteristics of the employee. The psychological contract content can be calculated in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the amount of which the implicit deal or contract is perceived as being delivered in reflection of a set of obligations or some sort of exchange (Guest 1996).The outcomes as a result of the content of the contract are the employee attitudes and behaviours. The CIPD (2005) found that employees attitudes of trust, fai rness and delivery of the deal are major determents to gaining a psychological contract which creates employee commitment and satisfaction. Robinson (1996) (as quoted within Bosch-Sjtsema 2007) claimed that expectations are often shaped by past experience, social norms and observations that are influencing factors to the contract. It was also maintain by Rousseau (2001) that these promise based psychological contracts take the form of a mental model or schema over time. She found that an employees pre-employment experiences, recruiting practices within the company and on the job socialisation as influencing factors to the formation of these schemas which may differ the content or form that an individuals psychological contract takes.2.1 The Purpose of Psychological ContractAccording to Bloisi et al., (2003 p.123) the psychological contract is considered as workers implicit expectations about what they are expected to contribute to an organisation and what they will receive in retur n (Bloisi et al., 2003 p. 123)In a similar way Schein (1965) defined that The notion of a psychological contract implies that there is an unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between every member of an organisation and the various managers and others in that organisation (Schein 1965 as quoted within Armstrong 2003, p 297).According to Hiltrop (1995), it has been noticed there is a significant rate of change of the economic environment in which the organisations work during the last twenty years. Increasing competition, globalisation of markets has demanded greater flexibility and productivity of organisations, as well as new strategies focused on innovation and speed.In the psychological contract the perceived responsibility of an organization influenced by employees expectation ( Cheong Kim 2009).As a result, the terms of old psychological contract has changed radically which earlier gave security, stability and predictability to the relationship between employer and employee (Hiltrop, 1995 p. 286 287). Moreover, the above definition stated by Schein (1965) was amplified by Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1994) who stated that Psychological contracts refer to beliefs that individuals hold regarding promises made, accepted and relied upon themselves and another. (In case of organisations, these parties include an employee, client, manager, and/or organisation as a whole.) Because psychological contracts represent how people interpret promises and commitments, twain parties in the same employment relationship (employer and employee) can have different views regarding unique(predicate) terms. (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1994 p. 463-89)Guest and Conway (1998) summarise stating that since the psychological contract is not written down formally it lacks the characteristics of the formal contract due to which it has no beginning and no end and which is why it cannot be en labored in a court or a tribunal.Guest and Conway (1998) also believe that The psychological contract is best seen as a metaphor a word or a idiom borrowed from another context which help us make sense of our experience. The psychological contract is a way of interpreting the state of the employment relationship and constituent to plot significant changes (Guest and Conway, 1998 as quoted in Armstrong, 2003 p. 298).2.1.1 The importance of Psychological ContractThe importance of the psychological contract was emphasized by Schein (1965) suggests that the extent to which people work effectively and are committed to the organisation depends on the degree to which their own expectation of what the organisation will provide them and in return what the organisation expects of them and the nature of what actually is exchanged for example, money in exchange for time at work, security in exchange for hard work and loyalty, and various combinations of other things (Schein, 1965 as quoted within Armstrong, 2003, p 299).The HR profession will have significant role to p lay in the management and balancing of the general or specific psychological contracts of employees. The HR function can act as a focal point for helping to discover employees expectations through collective channels or individual mechanisms, while seeking to provide for the meeting of employees expectations (e.g. Sims, 1994) (Holden and Breadwell, 2001 p. 546). The HR professionals must make sure that different facets of human resource management and the different managers shape and support the psychological contracts in consistent, integrated and balanced manner, (Rousseau and Greller, 1994 p. 385-401).If employees feel that their psychological contract has been disrupted or breached, and then they may withhold or charter from the relationships, consciously or unconsciously, (Spindler, 1994 326- 327).2.1.2 The Guest model of Psychological ContractThis model was formulated by Guest et al, 1996 suggests that the contract should be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the extent to which the explicit deal or contract is perceived to be delivered.Figure 2.1 A Model of the psychological contractCausesOrganisational cultureHRM policy and practiceExperienceExpectationsAlternativesConsequencesFairnessTrustThe delivery of the dealContentOrganisational citizenshipOrganisational commitmentMotivationSatisfaction and well-beingSource Guest et al, 1996The simplified Guest model of the psychological contract as illustrated above in Figure 2.1 (as quoted in CIPD 2006) defines it in terms of linkage between the inputs, being the HR practices the employee features and the companys characteristics unneurotic with the content, being the fairness and trust and finally the outputs being the employees behaviour work performance and delivery. ODonnell and Shields (2002) believes that Guests extended model of the psychological contract (from employee perspective) represents a particularly serviceable way of understanding the attitudinal and behavioural impact of employment practices at the level of the individual employee (Guest 1998 659-60) Hiltrop (1995) states that this psychological contract has two important aims, the first for providing a opine for employers of the type of outputs they are going to obtain from employees and secondly by employees contributing their time and effort for the level of rewards they will receive.2.1.3 The changing nature of the Psychological ContractAccording to Hiltrop (1995), there is considerable evidence that shows the changing of the psychological contract in the past decades. Now the employers want to know in advance the outcome of the employees efforts and employees want to know what reward he will get in exchange of the hard work and time spend in the organisation.De Meuse and Tornow (1990) stated that since the 1970s, however, the force that connect employers and employees has become severely stressed organisations deal with the need to cut costs and enhance efficiency, have ever more compacted th eir workforce and eradicated some of the elements (job security, regular promotions up the corporate ladder, annual wage increases, cheap mortgages, etc.) offered as a rule to employees in the earlier decades (De Meuse and Tornow 1990 p. 203-13).Moreover, people fill in the blanks along the way, and they sometimes do so inconsistently (Rousseau, 1994 as quoted in Hiltrop, 1995 p. 287). In addition to the above context, Kolb et al., (1991) have pointed out that a company staffed by cheated individuals who expect cold more than they get is headed for trouble (Kolb et al., 1991 as stated in Hiltrop, 1995 p.287).Conversely, optimistically, some organisations are trying to develop steps that can increase mutuality and to endue with scale for tangential career development and enhance knowledge and skills through opportunities for learning. It has been recognised that the organisations can no longer provide a guaranteed long term job to the employees they have to take responsibilities to build their skills and give a path for career development. In other words they take steps to improve employability (Armstrong, 2003 p. 302). 2 diagrammatic representations are given below which shows the differences between the old and new employment contract by Kissler (1994) and the changing nature of the psychological contract by Hiltrop (1995).Figure 2.2 Difference between the old and new contract.OLDRelationship is predetermined and imposedYou are who you work for and what you doLoyalty is defined by performanceEmployees who do what they are told will work till retirementNEWRelationship is mutual and negotiatedYou are defined by multiple roles, many external to the organisationLoyalty is defined by output and qualityPeople and skills only needed when requiredLong-term employment is unlikely expect and prepare for multiple relationshipsSource Kissler, 1994, p. 335-52Figure 2.3 Changing Psychological Contract .FROMImposed relationship (compliance, command and control)Permanent employment relationshipFocus on promotionFinite job dutiesMeet job requirementsEmphasise on job security and loyalty to the companyTraining provided by organisationTO interchangeable relationship (commitment, participation and involvement)Variable employment relationship people and skills only obtained or retained when requiredFocus on lateral career developmentMultiple rolesAdd valueEmphasis on employability and loyalty to own career and skillsOpportunities for self-managed learningSource Hiltrop 1995, p 286-294.Hiltrop (1995) also suggests that a new psychological contract is emerging which is more situational and short term that assumes that each party is less dependent on the other for survival and growth. This new contract was described by Hiltrop (1995) as a worker being employed as long as they provide added value to the company and in return they expect the right to demand interesting and important work with the freedom and resources to perform it well along with performanc e related pay and training and development.However Armstrong (2006) argued that this could barely be classified as a balanced contract because employers still dictate their workers employment terms and conditions apart from cases where workers are in demand and there is little supply of skills. Mant (1996) (as quoted within Armstrong 2006) classified workers as resources that are acquired or divested according to shortterm economic circumstances, therefore having little influence over the terms of the contract that their employer offers them. Additionally Taylor (2008) claims that the new relationship is less emotional and is simply an economic exchange, thus moving from relational to transactional. Organisations that are now adopting the rationale behind the use of the flexible firm model (Atkinson 1984) will have developed diverse types of psychological contracts among their workforce.Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1995) (as quoted within McDonald and Making 2000) found that ephemer al staff usually have a transactional contract with significance given to the economic elements of the contract, whilst permanent staff are more likely to have a relational contract involving commitment to the organisation.Additionally Guest (2004) found that the content of temporary workers psychological contract is narrower, transactional and easier to manage on both the employers and employees behalf which temporary workers preferred. An investigation into the company Flexco (Saunders and Thornhill 2005) found that forced change within the company structure through downsizing changed the psychological contract of those on permanent and temporary employment contracts. After the changes it was reported that the temporary workers contained mostly transactional expectations and most permanent employees were found to have relational expectations.However, there were a few exceptions regarding permanent employees, who felt that the changes had violated their contract in terms of interpe rsonal treatment. These employees felt insecure, and worried that they may face a temporary contract in the future, which emphasises that they no longer felt as though their job was secure.2.2 The purpose of the performance appraisal.Performance assessment is one of the many people management techniques that classify and order individual hierarchically (Townley, 1994, p.33).A performance appraisal is the process by which a manager evaluates an employees work performance by measurement and comparison with previously established standards (Palmer, 1991 p. 1).According to Palmer (1991), there are two major purpose of conducting performance appraisals. One purpose is to provide the information for the administrative decision making such as the increment of salary, bonuses, promotion and the administrative actions that can be brought by the work performance of the employee. This also helps the organisation to decide whether to introduce for instance, a new incentive system or to improve the present pay and promotion methods. In other words, it is a vehicle to validate and refine organisational actions.For example, it has been noticed in the appraisal data that one of the employee has unremitting conflicts with the fellow colleague or with the supervisor or manager. Some options can be concluded from the above case, which is, showing more importance to the interpersonal skill while recruiting the new staff or encouraging the present employee to attend the sessions on the conflict management offered by various colleges or providing the employee with one-to-one charge (Billikopf, 2003 p. 60).The other major purpose is to provide feedback to the employees on their work performance based on the standards established on the job description and analysis.Feedback provided by the supervisor or the manager give the employees an opportunity to develop their career path within the organisation. Feedback can be positive or constructive. Positive appraisal has many benefits a nd beneficiar